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| 58867497 | Prime Meridian | It allowed standardized times to be calculated by longitude | 58867497 | |
| 58867498 | Ferdinand de Lesseps | (1805-1894) French diplomat who supervised the construction of the Suez Canal | 58867498 | |
| 58867499 | Scramble for Africa | The colonization of Africa as part of the new imperialism; domination of Africa by Germany, Britain, and France; ending with crisis at Fashoda | 58867499 | |
| 58867500 | Congo Free State | It was a government privately controlled by Leopold II, King of the Belgians; Leopold was the sole shareholder and chairman, who increasingly used it for rubber, copper and other minerals | 58867500 | |
| 58867501 | Menelik II | Emperor of Ethiopia who played Italians, British, and French against each other while buying weapons from France and Russia. In the Battle of Adowa, Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their independence. | 58867501 | |
| 58867502 | Alfred Milner | Following the failure of Rhodes' scheme, the British sent him as a new minister to South Africa; he agitated until war between Britain and the Boer republics was inevitable | 58867502 | |
| 58867503 | Spheres of Influence | Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China) | 58867503 | |
| 58867504 | Sino-Japanese War | Fought between Qing of China and Meiji of Japan officially from 1894 to 1895 over control of Korea | 58867504 | |
| 58867505 | J.A. Hobson | In Imperialism, A Study, he criticized imperialism as a poor solution to the problems of industrialization | 58867505 | |
| 58867506 | Balkan Peninsula | Russian and Austrian conflicts over domination of Slavic national movements within the region continued to cause revolutions; Austrian annexation of former Ottoman principalities coveted by Serbia nearly led to war in 1908; hostilities broke out again in 1913, this time between Serbia (supported by Russia) and Bulgaria (supported by Austria-Hungary); in each case, the alliance system threatened to involve all Europe in acts of violence limited to the Balkan peninsula. | 58867506 | |
| 58867507 | Quinine | Controlled attacks of malaria, which until the 1800s had decimated Europeans attempting to colonize in mosquito infested land | 58867507 | |
| 58867508 | International African Association | Established by Leopold II to establish trading stations and get valuable ivory in Africa. | 58867508 | |
| 58867509 | New Imperialism | Imperialism practiced by European countries after 1870; domination of industrial powers over nonindustrial world | 58867509 | |
| 58867510 | Geopolitics | Politics of geography; based on recognition that certain areas of the world are valuable political reasons; the strategic value of land | 58867510 | |
| 58867511 | Leopold II | The person who initiated the scramble for land in Africa; king of Belgium; he seized the area around the Congo River basin for himself | 58867511 | |
| 58867512 | Berlin Conference of 1884 | Conference called by Bismarck and Jules Ferry of the Great Powers to lay ground rules for the development of Africa south of the Sahara; it established the rule that a European country had to occupy territory in order to claim it | 58867512 | |
| 58867513 | Cecil Rhodes | A British investors who immediately began to capitalize the mining operations of the Transvaal; In 1895 Rhodes attempted to overthrow the Afrikaner government of the Transvaal through the so-called Jameson Raid, which failed. Following the failure of Rhodes' scheme, the British sent a new minister, Alfred Milner, to South Africa. Milner agitated until war between Britain and the Boer republics was inevitable. Warfare broke out in 1899 and lasted until 1902. Both sides suffered horrendous casualties in the fighting. The British annexed the two Boer republics, but agreed not to make any decisions concerning the black African population of South Africa before returning political power to the Afrikaners. | 58867513 | |
| 58867514 | Boer War | Either of two wars: the first when the Boers fought England in order to regain the independence they had given up to obtain British help against the Zulus (1880-1881) and the second when the Orange Free State and Transvaal declared war on Britain (1899-1902) | 58867514 | |
| 58867515 | Treaty Ports | Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories; in the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality | 58867515 | |
| 58867516 | Russo-Japanese War | Aconflict that grew out of the rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea; the major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria, specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden, the seas around Korea, Japan, and the Yellow Sea | 58867516 | |
| 58867517 | Vladimir Hich Ulyanov | (1870-1924) A Russian revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917; as leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years (1917-1924), as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a socialist economic system | 58867517 | |
| 58867518 | Berlin Congress of 1878 | A meeting of the European Great Powers' and the Ottoman Empire's leading statesmen in Berlin in 1878; the meeting's aim was to reorganize the countries of the Balkans; Otto von Bismarck, who led the Congress, undertook to balance the distinct interests of the United Kingdom, Russia and Austria-Hungary; as a consequence, however, differences between Russia and Austria-Hungary intensified, as did the nationality question in the Balkans | 58867518 | |
| 58867519 | Extraterritoriality | Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country; 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right | 58867519 | |
| 58867520 | Balkan Crises | The spark that started WW1; the assasination of Franz Ferdinand, the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, and his wife | 58867520 | |
| 58867521 | Suez Canal | An artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea; opened in November 1869, it allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa | 58867521 | |
| 58867522 | Jingoism | Eextreme patriotism; favoring an aggressive, warlike foreign policy | 58867522 | |
| 58867523 | Triple Alliance | An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI | 58867523 | |
| 58867524 | Machine Gun | Hiram Maxim's invention in 1884 | 58867524 | |
| 58867525 | Jameson Raid | Dr. Jameson, friend of Rhodes, tried to lead an uprising against Boers in The Transvaal; his failure forced Rhodes to resign | 58867525 | |
| 58867526 | Opium War | War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories; the victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China | 58867526 | |
| 58867527 | White Man's Burden | Justified imperialism; a poem by the English poet Rudyard Kipling; proposes that white people consequently have an obligation to rule over, and encourage the cultural development of people from other ethnic and cultural backgrounds until they can take their place in the world by fully adopting Western ways | 58867527 | |
| 58867528 | Three Emperor's League | 1873 Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungry; formed by Otto-von Bismarck to deal with Germany's threat of encirclement; Austria's challenge was internal cultural diversity; Russia's economic prosperity was vulnerable to whoever controlled the Bosporus seaports for trade | 58867528 | |
| 58867529 | Triple Entente | An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI. | 58867529 | |
| 58867530 | Battle of Adowa | Led by Menelik II; successful resistance in Ethiopia; the result was the Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians and maintained their nation's independence | 58867530 |
