Finals 2011
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| 271908943 | Tang Dynasty | 618 to 907 CE: Short but influential, after Sui. Started Grand canal and empire expansion, focused more on scholars. | 0 | |
| 271908944 | Tang | Politics: Scholars over soldiers, but kept expanding. Grand Canal completed. Changan was a major center for Byzantine and Arab worlds. Decline from higher taxation and rebellions | 1 | |
| 271908945 | Tang | Economics: Security of Silk Road. Equal field system established. | 2 | |
| 271908946 | Equal Field System | All peasants given land in return for tax, but at death it is returned to government. | 3 | |
| 271908947 | Changan | Major trading center and cosmopolitan city: Largest city in the world at the time (huge population). | 4 | |
| 271908948 | Tang | Culture: Buddhism and Confucianism and Daoism. Empress Wu supported Buddhism art, but later Buddhism suffers anti-Buddhist campaign. NeoConfucianism developed afterwards. Poetry by Li Bai and Du Fu | 5 | |
| 271908949 | Tang | Society: Arranged marriages for women. Inherit property if all other heirs died. | 6 | |
| 271908950 | NeoConfucianism | Influential in Japan and Korea, developed after anti-Buddhist campaign | 7 | |
| 271908951 | Song Dynasty | 960 to 1279 CE: Reestablished centralized control and civil service exam. Had tribute system with nomads to keep them away. | 8 | |
| 271908952 | Song | Politics: Military weakness, and inflation problems. By 1126, lost northern half of empire to nomads. Southern Song flourishes until Mongol Empire. | 9 | |
| 271908953 | Song | Economics: revolutionalized; Rice production doubled (rice from champa), Internal trade from more merchants, population growth, and Kaifeng became manufacturing center. Minted copper coins and letters of credit were used. | 10 | |
| 271908954 | Kaifeng | Manufactured cannons, moveable type printing, water mills, looms, porcelain. | 11 | |
| 271908955 | Hangzhou | Capital of southern song: commerce with cotton sails and magnetic compasses made Southern Song the most powerful navy. | 12 | |
| 271908956 | Song | Culture: Women can keep dowries and be merchants, but foot binding started. Freedom of women restricted. | 13 | |
| 271908957 | Islam | Muhammed founded a monotheistic religion with Allah as the god. Emphasizes submission. Universal religion and open to everyone. | 14 | |
| 271908958 | Mecca | Holy city of Islam, has the Kaaba. Rededicated to Allah by Muhammed. | 15 | |
| 271908959 | Quran | Writings of Islam; holy book of Islam | 16 | |
| 271908960 | Ummayad Caliphate: | Took control and made it a hereditary monarchy, centered in Damascus. Conquest continued. Arabic became language of admin, business, law and trade. Later withdraws to Spain. | 17 | |
| 271908961 | Abbasid Caliphate | Overthrew Umayyads and moved the capital to Baghdad. Size of Abbasid Caliphate made it hard to control. By mid-9th century, political authority of Abbasids was symbolic, and the caliphate was broken up as Berber tribesmen controlled much of Africa and Mamluks took over Egypt. | 18 | |
| 271908962 | Baghdad | Important center of trade, 2nd largest city after Changan of its time. Had the House of Wisdom. | 19 | |
| 271908963 | Dar al-Islam | Areas in which Muslim traveler or trader found himself welcome regardless of where he came from due to unity of Islamic community | 20 | |
| 271908964 | Caliphates | Economy: Trade flourished as Muslim merchants relied on a common set of rules. Irrigation made agriculture and taxes go up. Artisans in cities flourish as manufacture of pottery, fabric and rugs went up. Paper mills, sugarcane, citrus fruits, coffee. | 21 | |
| 271908965 | Caliphates | Culture: Islam, mosques, hospitals, schools, orphanages. Algebra, longitude + latitude, and the study of Greek philosophers again. House of Wisdom in Baghdad built. Universities. Use of images forbidden in art and architecture: geometric shapes and calligraphy. | 22 | |
| 271908966 | House of Wisdom | Translated Greek and Persian texts into Arabic. | 23 | |
| 271908967 | Byzantine Empire | Continuation of Eastern Roman Empire: Survivor from the classical age. Justinian's Code established on the 12 tables of Law from Rome. Latin replaced Greek as the official language. Hereditary monarchy. | 24 | |
| 271908968 | Byzantine Empire | Economy: Strong trade around Mediterranean Sea: Silk worms from China allowed Byzantine silk industry. Glassware, linen, jewelry, gold, silver | 25 | |
| 271908969 | Byzantine Empire | Culture: Most spoke Greek. Social mobility theoretically possible, but really rare. Libraries in Constantinople with Greek, Latin, Persian and Hebrew texts. | 26 | |
| 271908970 | Roman Catholic Church | Eastern Roman Church, split in 1054 | 27 | |
| 271908971 | Eastern Orthodox Church | Later spread to Slavic people and Russia: Western side from 1054 split | 28 | |
| 271908972 | Western Europe | Politics: Feudal system | 29 | |
| 271908973 | Western Europe | Economy: Serfs worked lands for the lords, paid taxes and had to give gifts. Estates became large walled manors that were self-sufficient. | 30 | |
| 271908974 | Western Europe | Culture: Code of conduct called chivalry, stressed honor, modesty, loyalty and duty. Never really effective. Christianity was main religion. | 31 | |
| 271908975 | Western Europe | Society: Birth determined status. Women could get away by joining a nunnery. | 32 | |
| 271908976 | Yamato Clan | Gained religious and cultural influence. Tried to copy China's government, called themselves emperors, but failed and had a hereditary hierarchy instead. | 33 | |
| 271908977 | Kamakura Shogunate | Military dictatorship and ruled by powerful landholding clans: Japanese form of feudalism | 34 | |
| 271908978 | Shogun | Supreme general controlled centralized military government and divided land into regional units based on military power. Emperor remained only as symbolic figurehead, as shoguns were overthrown, the emperor never was. | 35 | |
| 271908979 | Daimyo | Regional military leaders | 36 | |
| 271908980 | Samurai | Warriors fighting for regional military leaders. Strict warrior code of Bushido. | 37 | |
| 271908981 | Japan | Economics: Mostly local trading; weavers, carpenters, ironworkers. Some foreign trade with Korea and China. Peasants worked land owned by a lord or by Buddhist monasteries: freedom limited. Genin could be bought and sold. | 38 | |
| 271908982 | Japan | Culture: Shinto; religion native to Japan. Strongly influenced by Korea and China: adopted Chinese technology. Made Buddhism its own with Zen Buddhism. | 39 | |
| 271908983 | Heian Period | Contact with China was cut, and concentration focused on expressing Japanese cultural values. | 40 | |
| 271908984 | Japan | Society: In courts, women dominated literature. Could inherit and own land, and priestesses dominated religious life. Over time, women lost power. | 41 | |
| 271908985 | Vikings | Nomadic group in present day Scandinavia. Eventually went from plunderers to traders, and had communities in Scotland, northern France and Eastern Europe. Traded actively throughout North Sea and Bultic Sea: Colonized Iceland and Greenland, colony in Newfoundland, and became known as Normans in France. Absorbed into European feudal over time. | 42 | |
| 271908986 | Turks | From central Asian steppes; started migrated out. Hired as mercenaries at first. | 43 | |
| 271908987 | Seljuk Turks | Converted to Islam, invaded Abbasids and captured Baghdad, and Seljuk Sultan became secular monarch. 1071 defeated Byzantine Empire and took most of Anatolia. | 44 | |
| 271908988 | Afghan Turks | Nomads from Afghanistan; raided India. 12th Century: Invaded and governed as Delhi Sultanate, ruled northern India from 1206 to 156. Muslim in India. | 45 | |
| 271908989 | Mongols | 1200 to 1550: Genghis Khan united tribes and started conquest. Mobilization of all males during war, and had good strategies. After Great Khan died, the empire was divided to 4 sons. | 46 | |
| 271908990 | Yuan Dynasty | Kublai Khan defeated Southern Song, and China was under foreign rule: Khan created Chinese-style dynasty, fixed taxes and strong central government. Chinese were separated from Mongols. | 47 | |
| 271908991 | Ilkhanates | Middle East: Hulegu defeated Abbasid Caliphate. Armies of Mamluks defeated Mongols in Egypt; Mongols didn't expand there. | 48 | |
| 271908992 | Russia | Mongol Batu conquered and ruled Russia but kept local rulers intact: heavy taxes on peasants, collected by Russian bureaucrats. | 49 | |
| 271908993 | Pax Mongolica | Mongol Peace: United 2 continents and made trade safe and tariff-free: Silk Road reached height as paper money was used in many parts of the empire. | 50 | |
| 271908994 | Mongol Decline | Poor administration and overspending: After Kublai died, leadership was weak and ineffective. By 1350, most of Mongol's territory was reconquered by other armies. | 51 | |
| 271908995 | Ghana | 500 to 1200: regional state, and power growth resulted from Trans-Saharan trade: site for gold, ivory, slaves, horses, cloth and salt. Large army from taxes on trade. Islam conversion led to better relations with Muslim merchants. Assault from Berbers and other tribes weakened it; absorbed later by Mali | 52 | |
| 271908996 | Mali | Mali controlled and taxed all Trans-Saharan trade. Rulers honored Islam and provided protection and lodging for merchants. | 53 | |
| 271908997 | Mansa Musa | Devout Muslim: went on pilgrimage. Built libraries, schools and mosques. | 54 | |
| 271908998 | Timbuktu | Capital of Mali, and regional cultural center of Islamic scholarship and art for all of West Africa. | 55 | |
| 271908999 | Indian Ocean Trade | Made it to East Africa: Bantu people at the coasts; Mogadishu, Kilwa, Sofala | 56 | |
| 271909000 | Swahili city-states | Language: blend of Bantu and Arabic; Mogdishu, Kilwa, Sofala. Governed by Islam-converted kings who ruled as Caliphs | 57 | |
| 271909001 | Bruges | In Flanders: located on a river system connected North Sea with Central Europe along the Rhine | 58 | |
| 271909002 | Hamburg | Part of Hanseatic league: major port on North Sea | 59 | |
| 271909003 | Florence | City-state center for banking and commerce | 60 | |
| 271909004 | Crusades | Launched by Pope Urban II in 1095: 1st captured Edessa, Antioch and Jerusalem to feudalize, then Muslims retook Jerusalem. Constantinople then taken and sacked by Crusaders. | 61 | |
| 271909005 | Crusades | Developments: Encouraged trade with Muslim merchants and increase in European demand for Asian goods. Europe reintroduced to goods, technology and culture of outside world. | 62 | |
| 271909006 | Silk Roads | Linked Eurasian land mass through trade | 63 | |
| 271909007 | Trans-Saharan trade | Connected West Africa to other parts of Muslim world and beyond | 64 | |
| 271909008 | Indian Ocean | Linked China, Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa | 65 | |
| 271909009 | Mediterranean sea | Linked Europe with Muslim World and Asia | 66 | |
| 271909010 | Buddhism | Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan, Zen. Merged with locals | 67 | |
| 271909011 | Christianity | Pope sponsored missionary campaigns. Polytheistic holidays absorbed. Nestorian Christianity spread to Mesopotamia and Persia, India, Central Asia and China. | 68 | |
| 271909012 | Islam | Military conquest, trade and missionaries: tolerance and tax against non-muslims. | 69 | |
| 271909013 | Sufis | Most active missionaries after 900CE | 70 | |
| 271909014 | Black Plague | From Yunnan, spread by rodents: labor shortages, but decrease in serfdom and weakening of feudal system. Anti-Semitism increased. | 71 | |
| 271909015 | Ming Dynasty | Comeback after Mongols: Confucianism and civil service exam reinstated. Mandarins implement policies. | 72 | |
| 271909016 | Europe | Regional states in Europe develop to strong monarchies: Italy, Milan, Venice and Florence benefit from trade. Competition makes refinement and improvement in weapons, ships and technology. | 73 | |
| 271909017 | Renaissance | Look to Greek and Roman classical past, updated medieval thought and stressed importance of human existence. | 74 | |
| 271909018 | Zheng He | Muslim eunuch: huge ships with trade, gifts etc. Confucian officials end the voyages, also pressure from northern borders | 75 | |
| 271909019 | Exploration | Europe: Try to cut out middlemen in trade: Portuguese were the first | 76 | |
| 271909020 | Henry the Navigator | Set up schools in Portugal and sponsored expeditions along West African coast | 77 | |
| 271909021 | Maya | Agricultural economy, temples and pyramids with ritualistic polytheism. Urban with large population. Independent city-states linked by trade. Diet: maize and beans | 78 | |
| 271909022 | Aztec | Militant warrior tradition, ruled by severe despots. Priestly class oversaw rituals like sacrifices, polytheistic with extensive pantheon. Large urban capital. Agricultural economy sometimes used cacao beans as currency. Decentralized network of city-states that paid tribute. | 79 | |
| 271909023 | Inca | Centralized empire with capital at Cuzco: extensive irrigated agricultural economy, large urban centers. Polytheistic religion centered on the sun. Patriarchal society, few women's rights, privileged elites. No written language, impressive cut stone buildings. | 80 | |
| 271913871 | Caliphate | Political and religious successors of Muhammed: Means deputy in Arabic. | 81 | |
| 271913872 | Crusades | Military invasions during Middle Ages by Christians of Western Europe with objective of capturing Holy Land from Muslims. Increased cultural and economic integration of Southern Europe with the world. | 82 | |
| 271913873 | Dar al-Islam | House of Islam in Arabic, expanse of Islamic world | 83 | |
| 271913874 | Feudalism | Social and political system in which lords are granted landed estates by a monarch in exchange for loyalty, especially military. Existed during Medieval period of Western Europe and also in the age of the Shoguns | 84 | |
| 271913875 | Indian Ocean Trade System | Network of trade established between Indian subcontinent and Swahili trade cities of Eastern Africa. Used regular monsoons to travel and bring around textiles, spices and precious metals. Domination of Portuguese in 16th century ended this. | 85 | |
| 271913876 | Manorialism | Type of social structure in which a lord has control over the labor on his agricultural estate. Typically serfs bound to the land and required to work. | 86 | |
| 271913877 | Missionary | Person who spreads his or her religious belief to others. In several of the major world religions: Buddhism, Christianity and Islam, missionaries were vital in spreading the faith. | 87 | |
| 271913878 | Pandemic | Widespread outbreak of disease: bubonic plague of 14th century and smallpox pandemic in Americas after contact with Europeans | 88 | |
| 271913879 | Papacy | Authority of Roman Catholic Pope, seen as spiritual successor to Saint Peter: Great religious and political power over almost all of Western Europe during Medieval times. | 89 |
