Test Tuesday/Wednesday. Multiple Choice and identification, but no essay!
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| Woman who was a sharp challenge to Puritan orthodoxy. Intelligent, strong-willed, and talkative who believed in antinomianism, which said the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man. This idea, which she had derived from the ideas of John Cotton, was a heresy. Claimed that a direct revelation from God gave her this belief. She also claimed that only a few of the ministers in the area were actually saved, but that she was saved. This undermined all of the authority of the Church. Held meetings for her followers in her house. She was banished, went to R.I. and then New Netherlands, but was eventually killed by Indians. | ||
| In 1676, large group of impoverished, young, single freeman in the Chesapeake region hated the governor William Berkeley because they lived on the frontier and were being attacked by the Indians that Berkeley was being friendly with. Led by Nathaniel Bacon, they killed Indians, chased Berkeley out of Jamestown, and set the capital on fire. However, Bacon soon died of disease and the remaining rebels were hanged. This event set hardscrabble backcountry frontiersmen against the gentry of the tidewater plantations and made planters want another source of labor (African slaves). | ||
| Sir Walter Raleigh first landed here in 1585 and founded the Roanoke Colony, but it mysteriously disappeared. The successful colony here was formally created in 1670 after King Charles II (who it is named after) granted land to the Lords Proprietors. They hoped to grow food to provision the sugar islands, as well as rice and tobacco. Many immigrants here came from Barbados, bringing their slave system. The colony was officially split in 1712, and each half became a royal colony. The Northern area of this colony had poor but sturdy inhabitants who raised their tobacco and other crops on small farms, with little need for slaves. It was less associated with the Church of England than the Southern area. It fought the Tuscarora War against Indians and won. The Southern area was more aristocratic. | ||
| This colony attracted a sprinkling of Dutch and English settlers because of its highly fertile land. Boston Puritans, led by Rev. Thomas Hooker, swarming the area. The colony was founded in 1635 by Thomas Hooker and elected its own governors under a self-governing charter. In 1639, they drafted a document, in effect a modern constitution, called the Fundamental Orders. In 1638, a prosperous community called New Haven was founded by Puritans who dreamed of making it a bustling seaport. In 1662, the crown merged New Haven with other settlements that were more democratic. The colony was part of the New England Confederation. In 1662, the colony was given a sea-to-sea charter grant, which legalized the squatter settlements. It economy revolved around fur, fish, timber, and shipbuilding. | ||
| Created in by royal authority 1686, this was imposed from London. It was aimed at bolstering colonial defense in the event of war with the Indians. It at first included all of New England and then later included NY and East and West Jersey. It was designed to promote the English Navigation Laws, which were made to stop American trade with countries not ruled by England. Edmund Andros was at the head of this. When the news of England's Glorious Revolution reached the colonies, this group fell apart and Andros was shipped off to England. One lasting effect of this was the greater number of English officials in the colonies. | ||
| Colony founded in 1733, to serve as a buffer between Florida Spaniards and Louisiana French and the valuable Carolinas. It received monetary subsidies from the British government for serving as a buffer. The last of the 13 colonies to be planted. It was founded by James Oglethorpe, a philanthropist interested in prison reform, so it was called the "Charity Colony". Made into a royal colony in 1752. It was a melting-pot community and had religious tolerations for all Christians except Catholics. Grew slowly because of an unhealthy climate, early restrictions on black slavery, and Spanish attacks. Its official faith was Anglican. It was a plantation colony. | ||
| People's faith and piety was waning until this rousing religious revival occurred in the 1730s and 1740s. It was first started in Northampton, MA by Jonathan Edwards. In his fire and brimstone sermons, Edwards proclaimed with a burning righteousness the folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on God's grace. One of his famous sermons was called "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." Later, George Whitefield, a great orator, continued to revolutionize the spiritual lives of the colonists. They heaped abuse on sinners and shook enormous audiences with emotional appeals. Many people became converts. Orthodox clergymen, "old lights," were skeptical of all of this. "New light" ministers defended it. Lasting effects of this event: emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality; more denominations formed; fresh wave of missionary work; new centers of learning were formed. It united the American people. | ||
| Announced in 1662, this arrangement modified the "covenant," or the agreement between the church and its adherents, to admit to baptism - but not "full communion" - for the unconverted children of existing members. It weakened the distinction between the "elect" and others, further diluting the spiritual purity of the original settlers' godly community. It dramatized the difficulty of maintain at fever pitch the religious devotion of the founding generation. Strict religious purity was sacrificed somewhat to the cause of wider religious participation. | ||
| System employed by VA and MD to encourage the importation of servant workers. It said that whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres of land. Masters - not the servants themselves - thus reaped the benefits of landownership from this system. Some masters soon parlayed their investments in servants into vast holdings in real estate, thus becoming great merchant-planters. Their river-front estates came to dominate the agriculture and commerce of the southern colonies. | ||
| An assembly in primitive VA formed in 1619 that was a form of representative self-government. This assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments to flourish in the soil of America. It was dominated by a clutch of extended families that possessed a lot of land. However, James I distrusted it and revoked VA Company's charter in 1624. | ||
| They worked 4-7 years under a master and were given "freedom dues" when their term was up. It was equivalent to an apprenticeship. They voluntarily mortgaged the sweat of their bodies for several years to Chesapeake masters. The headright system encouraged this. They were a lot cheaper than African slaves. Many were young men drawn from England's "middling classes" who were fleeing the disastrous slump of the cloth trade or had been pushed off the land so it could be "enclosed". They provided the labor to cultivate tobacco. However, masters became increasingly reluctant to including land grants in the "freedom dues," so they were stuck with no place to go after their term ended. | ||
| The English established a settlement here in 1607, named in honor of King James I. The Virginia Co. of London received a charter from James I for a settlement in the New World. They were attracted by the promise of gold, the prospect of making a profit, and wanting to find a passage through America to the Indies. The charter is significant because it guaranteed the settlers the same rights of Englishmen that they would have enjoyed if they had stayed at home. When the Virginia Co.'s three ships landed near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay, they were attacked by Indians. They chose the wooded and malarial banks of the James River to settle, which was devastatingly unhealthy. Settlers died from disease, malnutrition, and starvation because they were more interested in finding gold than hunting. It was very fragile due to the lack of women, and grew mostly through immigration rather than natural reproduction. Captain James Smith saved the settlement by saying that "He who shall not work shall not eat." Then, Lord De La Warr imposed a harsh military regime, severely disrupting the lives of the Powhatans. African slaves were brought here as early as 1619. | ||
| A colonist in Jamestown who married Pocahontas, which was the first known interracial union in VA. He became the father of the tobacco industry and an economic savior of the VA colony. He perfected methods of raising and curing tobacco because Europe had a huge demand for it. VA's prosperity was built on tobacco smoke, but it was ruinous to the soil. He died in 1622 in a series of Indian attacks. | ||
| Man who saved VA from utter collapse at the start, due to his leadership and resourcefulness. He took over in 1608 and told the colonists that "He who shall not work shall not eat." In December 1607, he was kidnapped and subjected to a mock execution by the Indian chieftain Powhatan, whose daughter Pocahontas had "saved" Smith by dramatically interposing her head between his and the war clubs of his captors. This ritual was apparently intended to impress Smith with Powhatan's power and the Indians' desire for peaceful relations with the Virginians. Pocahontas became an intermediary, helping to preserve a shaky peace and to provide needed foodstuffs to the colonists. | ||
| This forerunner of the modern corporation was perfected in the early 1600s. It enabled a considerable number of investors, called "adventurers," to pool their capital. Most of these were intended to endure only a few years, after which the stockholders hoped to liquidate the company for a profit. Several colonies were formed by these, although few of the investors thought in terms of long-term colonization. | ||
| Metacom, king of the Wapanoag Indians, called King Philip by the English, forged an alliance between 5 Indian tribes in 1675 and mounted a series of coordinated assaults on English villages throughout New England. Frontier settlements were especially hard hit. When it ended in 1676, 52 Puritan towns had been attacked, and 12 destroyed entirely. It ended when friendly Indians stripped the other Indians of power. Metacom's wife and son were sold into slavery; he himself was captured, beheaded, drawn and quartered. This event slowed the westward expansion of English settlement and inflicted a lasting defeat on New England's Indians. After this, the Indians posed only sporadic threats to New England colonists. | ||
| This proprietary colony was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, who wanted to get money and create a refuge for his fellow Catholics. He awarded huge estates to his relatives. Resentment between modest farmers and land barons flared into open rebellion, and the Baltimore family lost its proprietary rights for a time. It prospered thanks to tobacco. Depended on white indentured servants in its early years, and used black slaves in the late 17th century. It used the headright system to promote indentured servitude. In 1649, it passed the Act of Toleration, guaranteeing toleration to all Christians but giving the death penalty to anyone who denied Jesus' divinity. This colony probably sheltered more Roman Catholics than any other English-speaking colony in the New World. | ||
| Puritans secured a royal charter to form this colony, located in the infertile MA area. Boston soon became its hub. They used their charter as a kind of constitution. They had a well-equipped expedition in 1630 and started the colony off on a large scale. Many fairly prosperous, educated persons immigrated here. John Winthrop was its first governor, saying he had a "calling" from God to lead the new religious experiment. Its economy consisted of fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding. Its settlers had a shared sense of purpose, wanting to be a "city on a hill," or beacon to humanity, which led to a high degree of social harmony. It was liberal for the standards of the time, but not a democracy. Only Puritans could be freemen who voted, but nonbelievers had to pay taxes to support the church. Endorsed the separation of church and state, because clergymen were barred from holding office. This large colony absorbed Maine and New Hampshire, but the king was annoyed at their greediness so he separated NH from it. The colony was a member of the New England Confederation. The colony's charter was revoked in 1684. | ||
| This precedent for later written constitutions was drawn up and signed by Pilgrim leaders before disembarking for the New World. It was not a constitution at all, but rather a simple agreement to form a crude government and to submit to the will of the majority under the regulations agreed upon. It was signed by 41 adult males. It was a promising step toward genuine self-government. | ||
| This was made up of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. In general, the soil as fertile and the expanse of land was broad. They were called the "bread colonies" by virtue of their heavy exports of grain. Rivers played a vital role by tapping the fur trade of the interior and beckoning adventuresome spirits into the backcountry. Industry consisted of lumbering and shipbuilding. There were several major seaports, such as NYC and Philadelphia. Landholdings were intermediate in size and local government lay somewhere between the personalized town meeting of New England and the diffused country government of the South. The population here was more ethnically mixed than that of the other settlements. There was an unusual degree of religious toleration and democratic control. Desirable land was more easily acquired here. | ||
| This was made up of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. They had clean water and cool temperatures, adding 10 years to the average settler's lifespan. People migrated here with their families, so the family remained at the center of life. The population grew from natural reproductive increase. Early marriage was expected. Children grew up in nurturing environments where they were expected to be obedient. These colonies "invented" grandparents. Women in these colonies usually gave up their property rights before they got married. Society grew in an orderly fashion, with the distribution of land entrusted to proprietors. The town meeting, in which the adult males met together and each man voted, was a showcase and a classroom for democracy. The area was less ethnically mixed than its southern neighbors. There was a diversified agriculture and industry, due to the extremes in weather. Fine natural harbors led to shipbuilding and commerce, and the cod fish was very important. The people who lived here were known for their energy, purposefulness, sternness, stubbornness, self-reliance, and resourcefulness. | ||
| Four colonies banded together to form this group in 1643. Its main purpose was defense against foes or potential foes, notably the Indians, the French, and the Dutch. Purely inter-colonial problems came within its jurisdiction as well. Each member colony wielded 2 votes. The member colonies were the Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, New Haven, and scattered valley settlements in CT, so it was basically an exclusive Puritan club. Three of these four wanted to wipe out New Netherland with military force, but MA didn't want to. The formation of this group was the first notable milestone toward colonial unity. | ||
| This was the most famous congregation of Separatists. They fled royal wrath by departing for Holland in 1608. However, they were distressed by the "Dutchification" of their children, so they moved to America, where they could be safe but still be English men and women. After 65 days at sea, their ship the Mayflower landed off the stony coast of New England in 1620. They arrived with 102 people. Their captain was Captain Myles Standish, or "Captain Shrimp." After surveying the land, they chose to settle at the shore of Plymouth Bay. Because they were without legal right to the land and without specific authority to establish a government, they were squatters. They signed the Mayflower Compact before leaving for the New World. Only 44 of the 102 survived the first winter. The next autumn (1621), they had the first Thanksgiving Day. Their economy consisted of fur, fish, and lumber. William Bradford was governor of their colony 30 times. The settlement was not large numerically or economically, but was big morally and spiritually. | ||
| This was the name that English colonists gave to all local Indians because when they landed in 1607, a chieftain by this name dominated the native peoples living in the James River area. They were in a war against the English from the time Lord De La Warr arrived in 1610 until 1614, when John Rolfe married Pocahontas. De La Warr raided their villages, burned their houses, confiscated provisions, and torched cornfields. In the Second war with the English, these Indians made one last effort to dislodge the people living in VA, but they failed. A peace treaty was signed in 1646, effectively banishing the Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands and formally separating Indians from white areas of settlement. By 1685, this group was considered by the English to be extinct. They suffered from disease, disorganization, and disposability; meaning that they were susceptible to European maladies, lacked unity to effectively oppose the Europeans, and were not economically important to the settlers. Their fate foreshadowed the destinies of indigenous peoples throughout the continent. | ||
| Martin Luther ignited this religious reform by nailing his protests against Catholic doctrines to a door of a cathedral in 1517, saying that the Bible alone was the source of God's word. John Calvin elaborated on Luther's ideas, writing a book called Institutes of the Christian Religion, in which he presented the ideas of predestination. This religious reform was also launched by King Henry VIII breaking with the Roman Catholic Church, leading to a battle of Catholics versus Protestants that lasted decades. | ||
| This group wanted to reform the Church of England from within. However, they were persecuted in England after Charles I dismissed Parliament in 1629. They formed the MA Bay Colony in 1630. An important member of this denomination was John Cotton, who devoted his considerable learning at Cambridge University to defending the government's duty to enforce religious rules. They believed in a doctrine of a "calling" to do God's work on earth and had a serious commitment to work and to engagement in worldly pursuits. They passed laws aimed at making sure that simple pleasures stayed simple by repressing certain human instincts. They believed that hellfire was real - a hell where sinners shriveled and shrieked in vain for divine mercy. They persecuted Quakers and dissenters such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams. People of this denomination also founded New Haven in Connecticut. | ||
| This man was a personable and popular Salem minister. He was threatening to the Puritan leaders because he had radical ideas and an unrestrained tongue. He was an extreme Separatist who hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean break with the corrupt Church of England. He also challenged the legality of the Bay Colony's charter because it took land from Indians without giving them fair compensation. He also denied the authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior. He was banished from the Bay Colony in 1635. He fled to RI in 1636 and built a Baptist church. He established complete freedom of religion and demanded no oaths regarding religious beliefs, no compulsory attendance at worship, and no taxes to support a state church. He also sheltered Quakers. | ||
| This was one of New England's most frightening religious episodes. A group of adolescent girls in Salem, MA, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women, specifically an old Indian woman named Tituba. The ensuing "witch hunt" lead to the legal lynching in 1692 of 20 people. This event ended in 1693 when the governor prohibited any further trials and pardoned those already convicted and when church members began to demand evidence. This all grew from the unsettled social and religious conditions of the rapidly evolving MA village. Most of the accused witches came from families associated with Salem's burgeoning market economy; their accusers came largely from subsistence farming families in the hinterland. Thus, the event reflected the widening social stratification of New England and the fear of religious traditionalists that the Puritan heritage was being eclipsed by Yankee commercialism. It also demonstrates the harsh effects of nonconformity. | ||
| Perhaps 10 million Africans were carried in chains to the New World in the 3 centuries or so following Columbus's landing. Most were taken to the sugar islands to work on plantations. At the beginning of colonization, black slaves were too costly, so people had white servants. This changed when less people were coming to the New World as indentured servants and planters feared the rebellion of mutinous indentured servants. Many Americans rushed to cash in on the lucrative slave trade after 1698 when the Royal African Co. lost its crown-granted monopoly on carrying slaves to the colonies. By nature, the slave system inhibited the expression of regional African cultures and tribal identities because people from different tribes were mixed and family members were separated. Slave codes were brought to the Carolinas by immigrants from Barbados. The Caribbean islands served as a staging area for the slave system that would take root elsewhere in English North America. Many slaves, up to 20%, died on the Middle Passage from Africa to the New World. Slavery in the New World was different from previous slavery because it was on a very grand scale, the slaves were treated exceptionally harshly, and race becomes the explicit basis of this new slavery. Having a different appearance and religion dehumanized the slaves in the eyes of whites. | ||
| This was made up of VA, MD, NC, SC, and GA. As slavery spread, the gaps in these colonies' social structure widened. Great planters who dominated the economy and political power were at the top, then the small farmers who lived a hand-to-mouth existence with few slaves, then indentured servants, and black slaves at the bottom. There were few cities in these colonies. Life revolved around the great plantations and waterways provided the principal means of transportation. Women in these colonies had economic security. Generally, married women were allowed to retain separate title to their property, and widows were given the right to inherit their husband's estates. With their white and black population diffused over wide areas, these colonies were severely handicapped by logistics in attempting to establish an effective school system. Wealthy families leaned heavily on private tutors. Most of these colonies had sprawling tobacco plantations and had a lot of slaves. | ||
| Spanish Philip II put together this group of ships for an invasion of England. In 1588, they fought the English sea dogs in the English Channel. The English won, inflicting heavy damage on the cumbersome, over-laden Spanish ships. Then a devastating storm arose, scattering the Spanish flit. The event marked the beginning of the end of Spanish imperial dreams and dampened Spain's fighting spirit. It ensured England's naval dominance in the North Atlantic. | ||
| The first settlement here was Jamestown, which was founded by the Virginia Co. of London in 1607. The settlers here fought the first and second Anglo-Powhatan Wars against the Native Americans, which the English won. The colony's prosperity was built on tobacco, which enchained its fortunes to the fluctuating price of a single crop. Its system of representative self-government was the House of Burgesses, which was dominated by a clutch of extended clans who possessed large tracts of real estate in the colony. The colony used the headright system to encourage indentured servitude. It was associated with the Church of England. | ||
| These were Puritans who alone were eligible for church membership, and thus were the only people in the Bay Colony who could be voting freemen. They were people who had been predestined to go to Heaven, since the Puritans were strong believers in predestination. | ||
| A cultured man who was prominent among the Pilgrims. He was a self-taught scholar who could read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch. He was chosen governor 30 ties in the annual elections at Plymouth Colony. He worried that independent, non-Puritan settlers would corrupt his godly experiment in the wilderness. | ||
| List the colonies in the order of their formation. |
