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| 291322840 | Neolithic Revolution | the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around 8,000 BC | 0 | |
| 291322841 | Slash-and-burn Agriculture | a farming method in which fields are cleared for farming by cutting down and burning trees and brush to fertilize | 1 | |
| 291322842 | Ziggurats | temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped | 2 | |
| 291322843 | River Valley Civilizations | Settled civilizations that began with agriculture; located alongside or between rivers as it allowed irrigation and fertile soil | 3 | |
| 291322844 | Semitic | Relating to or denoting a family of languages that includes Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic and certain ancient languages such as Phoenician; Of or relating to the peoples who speak these languages, esp. Hebrew and Arabic. | 4 | |
| 291322845 | Polytheistic | Religions that believe in many gods and goddesses | 5 | |
| 291322846 | Monotheistic | Religions that belief in one God, such as Christianity or Islam | 6 | |
| 291322847 | Nomads | Unsettled people who "wander"; typically hunter-gatherers | 7 | |
| 291322848 | Mesopotamia | Early (first) civilization; settled between Tigris and Euphrates rivers | 8 | |
| 291322849 | Paleolithic | Stone age; before the Agricultural Revolution | 9 | |
| 291322850 | Dynasty | A line of hereditary rulers (i.e. Tang Dynasty) | 10 | |
| 291322851 | Daoism | Philosophical system developed by Laozi that drew on nature as a guide; sort of like the more touchy-feely Confucianism | 11 | |
| 291322852 | Buddhism | The teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth | 12 | |
| 291322853 | Nirvana | In Buddhism, the release from pain and suffering achieved after enlightenment | 13 | |
| 291322854 | Legalism | In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime; very harsh | 14 | |
| 291322855 | Patriarchy | A form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line | 15 | |
| 291322856 | Silk Road | A trade route between the Roman Empire and China, so called because silk was China's most valuable product; famous trade route | 16 | |
| 291322857 | Bureaucracy | Administrative system divided into different bureaus to better divide tasks | 17 | |
| 291322858 | Mandate of Heaven | Belief in China that the rulers were appointed by the heavens; helped rulers gain power but also aided rebels because they claimed that the rulers had "lost" the Mandate | 18 | |
| 291322859 | Caste System | Part of Hinduism that organized society into a hierarchy; Brahmins on top, then Kshatriyas, then Vaishya, then Sudra, then the Untouchables | 19 | |
| 291322860 | Aryans | Group of people who immigrated from Persia or central Asia and settled with the Harrappans in India; first to implement Caste System and responsible for many aspects of Indian culture | 20 | |
| 291322861 | Karma | (Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation | 21 | |
| 291322862 | Untouchables | Lowest level of Caste System; not considered a real part of the caste system; often given degrading jobs; their life was extremely difficult | 22 | |
| 291322863 | Brahma | Hindu God; "the creator" | 23 | |
| 291322864 | Vedas | Sacred sanskrit texts of Hindu religion | 24 | |
| 291322865 | Classical Civilizations | Settled civilizations between 600BCE and 600CE; Rome, Han China, Mauryan and Gupta India | 25 | |
| 291322866 | Hellenistic | Relating to the civilization, language, art, science, and literature of the Greek world from the reign of Alexander the Great to the late second century B.C. | 26 | |
| 291322867 | Direct Democracy | A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives | 27 | |
| 291322868 | Aristocracy | A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility | 28 | |
| 291322869 | Theocracy | A government controlled by religious leaders/ divine rule | 29 | |
| 291322870 | Polis | Greek city-states | 30 | |
| 291322871 | Coptic Christianity | Form of Christianity practiced in Egypt, Nubia, Ethiopia and certain other parts of Africa | 31 | |
| 291322872 | Bedouin | Nomads of the Arabian Peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats | 32 | |
| 291322873 | Mawali | Non-arab Muslims | 33 | |
| 291322874 | Ka'ba | A square stone building in the center of the Great Mosque at Mecca, the site most holy to Muslims and toward which they must face when praying | 34 | |
| 291322875 | Five Pillars | Basic rules of Islam: 1. Profession of faith 2. Pray five times a day 3. Give alms (give money) 4. Ramadan fast 5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 35 | |
| 291322876 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 36 | |
| 291322877 | Shi'a | The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 37 | |
| 291322878 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design | 38 | |
| 291322879 | Crusades | Series of wars between Christians and Muslims; sparked by speech by Pope Urban II; fought to take back Holy Lands | 39 | |
| 291322880 | Sufism | An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a; Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin. | 40 | |
| 291322881 | Animism | Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. | 41 | |
| 291322882 | Ulama | Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking | 42 | |
| 291322883 | Sharia | The system of law that regulates family life, moral conduct and the business and community life of Muslims | 43 | |
| 291322884 | Sahel | Extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara | 44 | |
| 291322885 | Caliph | The civil and religious leader of a Muslim state considered to be a representative of Allah on earth | 45 | |
| 291322886 | Tatars | Mongols who captured Russian cities and largely destroyed Kievan state in 1236; left Russian orthodoxy and aristocracy in tact | 46 | |
| 291322887 | Huns | Large nomadic group from northern Asia who invaded territories extending from China to Eastern Europe; they virtually lived on their horses, herding cattle, sheep, and horses as well as hunting | 47 | |
| 291322888 | Magna Carta | Signed by King John in 1215; first document that limited the power of the government | 48 | |
| 291322889 | Scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century | 49 | |
| 291322890 | Three-field System | Part of the agricultural revolution; farming technique that left one field out of three sallow for a year to replenish the soil | 50 | |
| 291322891 | Serfs | Workers who were tied to the land on which they lived; could not be bought or sold like slaves | 51 | |
| 291322892 | Manorialism | An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord; developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production. | 52 | |
| 291322893 | Guild | In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests | 53 | |
| 291322894 | Chivalry | Code that knights adopted in the late Middle Ages; requiring them to be brave, loyal and true to their word; they had to fight fairly in battle | 54 | |
| 291322895 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | 55 | |
| 291322896 | Olmec | The earliest-known Mesoamerican civilization, which flourished aroun 1200 B.C. and influenced later societies throughout the region; included intensive agriculture and culture that influenced later societies | 56 | |
| 291322897 | Calpulli | Clans in Aztec society, later explanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors | 57 | |
| 291322898 | Chinampas | Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create "floating islands"; system of irrigated agriculture utilized by Aztecs | 58 | |
| 291322899 | Inca Socialism | A view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of utopia; image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole | 59 | |
| 291322900 | Split Inheritance | Inca practice of descent; all titles and political power went to successor, but wealth and land remained in hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy | 60 | |
| 291322901 | Tambos | Way stations used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages | 61 | |
| 291322902 | Foot binding | Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household and further decreased their status | 62 | |
| 291322903 | Junks | Large Chinese sailing ships especially designed for long-distance travel during the Tang and Song dynasties | 63 | |
| 291322904 | Scholar Gentry Class | Social class in China that had passed the Civil service exam; highest class | 64 | |
| 291322905 | Pure Land Buddhism | A denomination of Buddhism that taught that believers would be reborn in a blissful, pure land or paradise | 65 | |
| 291322906 | Zen Buddhsim | school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith; China and Japan | 66 | |
| 291322907 | Flying Money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; showed advancement of Chinese trade | 67 | |
| 291322908 | Champa Rice | Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state | 68 | |
| 291322909 | Jinshi | Students in China who passed highest level of the Civil Service Exam; highest level of high social class | 69 | |
| 291322910 | Sinification | Spread of Chinese culture | 70 | |
| 291322911 | Shoguns | Military leaders of the bakufu (military government in 12th-century Japan) | 71 | |
| 291322912 | Tribute System | A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor; this forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities; an important component of the Aztec and Inca economies | 72 | |
| 291322913 | Samurai | Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land | 73 | |
| 291322914 | Daimyo | Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai | 74 | |
| 291322915 | Bushi | Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies | 75 | |
| 291322916 | Mamluks | Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries; Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517) | 76 | |
| 291322917 | Golden Horde | Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu; based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam | 77 | |
| 291322918 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages | 78 | |
| 291322919 | Mercantilism | European government policies designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country | 79 | |
| 291322920 | Casta System | Sociedad de Castas; class hierarchy based on racial origins; Penninsulares on top, then Creoles, then mixed (mestizos and mulattos), then blacks and natives; think of it as the more white you were, the better off you were | 80 | |
| 291322921 | Encomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it | 81 | |
| 291322922 | Coerced Labor | People are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to members of their families | 82 |
