Chem I vocabulary
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| a mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together | ||
| a chemical bond resulting from the sharing of an electron pair between two atoms | ||
| the chemical bond resulting from electrical atrraction between large numbers of cations and anions | ||
| a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge | ||
| having an uneven distribution of charge | ||
| a covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal attraction for the shared electrons | ||
| the energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms | ||
| the distance between two bonded atoms at their minimum potential energy, that is, the average distance between two bonded atoms | ||
| a formula that indicates the relative numbers of atoms of each kind in a chemical compound by using atomic symbols and numerical subscripts | ||
| a molecule containing only two atoms | ||
| a covalent bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of electron between two atoms | ||
| an electron configuration notation in which only valence electron of an atom of a particular element are shown, indicated by dots placed around the elements' symbol | ||
| formulas in which atomic symbols represent nuclei and inner-shell electrons, dot-pairs or dashes between two atomic symbols represent electron pairs in covalent bonds, and dots adjacent in only one atomic symbol represent unshared electrons | ||
| a pair of electrons that is not involved in bonding and that belongs exclusivly to one atom | ||
| a chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules | ||
| a formula showing the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single molecule of a molecular compound | ||
| a double or triple bond | ||
| chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons has an octet of electrons in its highest occupied energy level | ||
| the bonding in molecules or ions that cannot be correctly represented by a single Lewis structure | ||
| a covalent bond produced by the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms | ||
| a formula that indicates the kind, number, arrangement, and bonds but not the unshared electron pairs of the atoms in a molecule | ||
| a covalent bond produced by the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms | ||
| a pair of electrons that is not involved in bonding and that belongs exclusivly to one atom | ||
| the simplest collection of atoms from which an ionic compound's formula can be established | ||
| a compound composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal | ||
| the energy released when 1 mole of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions | ||
| a charged group of covalently bonded atoms | ||
| the ability of a substance to be drawn, pulled, or extruded through a small opening to produce a wire | ||
| the ability of a substance to be hammered or beaten into thin sheets | ||
| chemical bonding that results from the attraction between metal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons | ||
| has no definate shape and no definate volume | ||
| elements or compounds found on the left side of a reaction sentence. The original substances in a reaction | ||
| anything that has mass and takes up space | ||
| a measure of the quantity of matter | ||
| SI unit for mass | ||
| SI unit for time | ||
| the SI unit for measuring a small amount of liquid | ||
| the SI unit for temperature | ||
| equal to a milliliter-used to measure the volume of a solid | ||
| mass divided by volume, the amount of mass in a given volume | ||
| one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons | ||
| a structurally different form of an element; graphite and a diamond are allotropes, having the same formula but different structure to the atoms | ||
| a sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties | ||
| a combination of chemical symbols and numbers to represent a substance | ||
| energy stored in chemical bonds | ||
| energy cannot be created or destroyed | ||
| the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade | ||
| all the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit | ||
| a way of expressing a value as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10 | ||
| the law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes | ||
| The first person to propose an atomic theory based on scientific knowledge | ||
| The first person to successfully place elements in a predictable pattern and predict properties of unknown elements | ||
| the fact that a chemical compound contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass regardless of the size of the sample or source of the compound | ||
| An experiment that showed that electrons had mass and a charge | ||
| An experiment where protons were passed through and deflected from a thin sheet of metal, proving that an atom contained a concentrated nucleus and a lot of surrounding space. | ||
| Responsible for the gold foil experiment. | ||
| a strong attraction between protons and neutrons that overwhelms the electromagnetic repulsion forces when the nucleons are in close proximity. | ||
| a Danish physicist (1885-1962); created a new atomic model; described electrons as moving around the nucleus in fixed orbits and having a set amount of energy | ||
| The main energy level of an atom | ||
| electrons having parallel spins will enter unoccupied orbitals one at a time before pairing up | ||
| electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first | ||
| no two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers | ||
| the arrangement of electrons in an atom | ||
| a solution of two or more metals | ||
| group 17; contains nonmetals; 7 electrons in its outermost energy level; very reactive; poor conductors of electric current; never in its uncombined form in nature; combine with most metals to form salts | ||
| Group 1, 1 electron in outer level, very reactive, soft, silver, shiny, low density; Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Cesium, Francium | ||
| Group 2, 2 electrons in outer level, less reactive than alkali metals. Silver, shiny, low density; Berrilium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radon | ||
| Contains nonmetals that are unreactive. Full outermost energy level except helium which has 2. | ||
| (chemistry) a series from actinium to lawrencium of 15 radioactive elements with increasing atomic numbers | ||
| the rare-earth elements with atomic numbers 57 through 71 | ||
| Groups 3-12, 1-2 electrons in the outer energy level, less reactive than alsali-earth metals, shiny, good conductor of thermal energy and electrical current, high density | ||
| semiconductors, border the zigzag line, shiny, brittle, hard, at high temp- good conductors of electric current | ||
| The process of changing one element into another | ||
| an ion with a negative charge | ||
| an ion with a posotive charge | ||
| An atom that is identified by the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus | ||
| a proton or neutron | ||
| A particle, much like a He atom, that is sometimes emitted during radioactive decay. Usually happens in molecules that are very large. | ||
| A particle, much like an electron, that is sometimes emitted during radioactive decay. Emission causes a neutron to change to a proton. | ||
| A particle that has the same mass as an electron but is positively charged and is sometimes emitted during radioactive decay. Emission causes a proton to change to a neutron. | ||
| electromagnetic radiation emitted during radioactive decay and having an extremely short wavelength | ||
| a series of radioactive nuclides produced by successive radioactive decay until a stable nuclide is reached | ||
| a nuclear reaction in which a massive nucleus splits into smaller nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy | ||
| a nuclear reaction in which nuclei combine to form more massive nuclei with the simultaneous release of energy | ||
| a reaction in which the material that starts the reaction is also one of the products and can start another reaction | ||
| time is takes for 50% of the parent material to be converted into the daughter isotope | ||
| (Roentgen Equivalent Man) the dosage of ionizing radiation that will cause the same amount of injury to human tissue as 1 roentgen of X-rays | ||
| a unit of absorbed ionizing radiation equal to 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material | ||
| used to measure the intensity of radiation in x-rays | ||
| a region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be found. | ||
| Electrons that occupy the highest energy level of an atom. These electrons determine the reactivity of an atom. |
