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| 205408180 | this perspective includes analysis of our chemical and genetic make up | biological perspective | |
| 205408181 | the study of how mental processes influence behavior | cognitive perspective | |
| 205408182 | psychology should focus on observable/overt behaviors and the fundamental laws of learning | behavioral perspective | |
| 205408183 | interpersonal relationships, self esteem, and the importance of self-direction and striving to reach one's potential all play a role in this psychological perspective | humanistic perspective | |
| 205408184 | a look at how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior | socio-cultural | |
| 205408185 | application of the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena | biological perspective | |
| 205408186 | emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality | psychodynamic perspective | |
| 205408187 | credited with founding psych as an experimental science, this person made connections between physiology and psychology | wundt | |
| 205408188 | a proponent of functionalism, this person was instrumental in establishing psychology in the us. he taught at harvard | william james | |
| 205408189 | the first major school of thought in psychology. this holds that even our most complex conscious experiences can be broken down into parts of sensations and feelings | structuralism | |
| 205408190 | developed a theory of personality based on uncovering cause of behavior that were unconscious | freud | |
| 205408191 | the physiologist pioneered work in the area of behavioral psychology by using dogs to demonstrate learning with a neutral stimulus and automatic behavior | pavlov | |
| 205408192 | the theory stressed the importance of how behavior functions to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments | behaviorism | |
| 205408193 | developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth | maslow | |
| 205408194 | the creator of structuralism, this person trained subjects in a procedure called introspection | titchener | |
| 205991631 | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes | psychology | |
| 205991632 | german physiologist founder of new science of psych, established first psych research lab in germany, had titchener as a student who founded structuralism | wilhelm wundt | |
| 205991633 | early school of psychology that emphasized studying the most basic components, or structures, of conscious experiences | structuralism | |
| 205991634 | early school of psychology that emphasized studying the purpose or function of behavior and mental experiences | functionalism | |
| 205991635 | harvard professtor, established psychology in the u.s, published book called principles of psychology, ideas became basis of functionalism whish studied adaptive and practical functions of human behavior | william james | |
| 205991636 | helped organize psychology in the united states, established first psychology research lab in u.s, founded American psychological association, received first Ph.d in psych in America | g stanley hall | |
| 205991637 | completed all requirements for ph.d in psych, became first woman president of the american psychological association | mary whiton calkins | |
| 205991638 | russian psychologist, was one of three who founded behaviorism, demonstrated dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus | ivan pavlov | |
| 205991639 | one of three founders of behaviorism, american psychologist, gave the idea that consciousness or mental processes should be studied by psychology | john watson | |
| 205991640 | began career as a neurologist and physician in austra, had ideas which led to formulation of psychoanalysis, idea was unconscious conflicts determine behavior and personality | sigmund freud | |
| 205991641 | personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior | psychoanalysis | |
| 205991642 | school of psych that emphasized the perception of whole figures rather than the individual elements of conscious experiences | gestalt psychology | |
| 205991643 | school pf psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes each persons unique potential for psychological growth and self direction | humanistic psychology | |
| 205991644 | one of founders of humanistic psych, heavenly influenced by experiences with psychotherapy clients, emphasized conscious experiences with patients | carl rogers | |
| 205991645 | one of the founders of humanistic psych, developed theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth | abraham maslow | |
| 205991646 | emphasizes the study of physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, immune, endocrine systems and genetics | biological perspective | |
| 205991647 | a student of wilhelm wundt's, founded structuralism, had theory of introspection | edward titchener | |
| 205991648 | a theory created by titchener | introspection | |
| 205991649 | emphasize importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaning the underlying dynamics of behavior or in treating people with psychological problems | psychodynamic perspective | |
| 205991650 | study how behavior is acquired or modified by environmental consequences | behavioral perspective | |
| 205991651 | focuses on motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self concept, and importance of choice and self direction in striving to reach ones potential | humanistic perspective | |
| 205991652 | study of how mental processes influence behavior | cognitive perspective | |
| 205991653 | study of how cultural factors influence patterns of behavior | socio-cultural perspective | |
| 205991654 | refers to application of the principles of evolution to explain psychological processes and phenomena | evolutionary perspective | |
| 205991655 | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to each other | social psychology | |
| 205991656 | suggests how we explain someones behavior, by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition | attribution theory | |
| 205991657 | the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition | fundamental attribution error | |
| 205991658 | feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events | attitudes | |
| 205991659 | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request | foot in the door phenomenon | |
| 205991660 | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent, when awareness of our attitudes and actions clash | cognitive dissonance theory | |
| 205991661 | psychologist who created an experiment which involved male college students to spend time in a simulated prison | Philip Zimbardo | |
| 205991662 | an experiment created by philip zimbardo, college students were selected to play certain roles in a prison | Stanford Prison Experiment | |
| 205991663 | adjusting ones behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard | conformity | |
| 205991664 | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval | normative social influence | |
| 205991665 | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality | informational social influence | |
| 205991666 | when one is incompetent or insecure, when the other group has at least 3 people, other group is unanimous, | reasons to conform | |
| 205991667 | social psychologist, ran an obedience experiment where you are being shocked | stanley miligram | |
| 205991668 | stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others | social facilitation | |
| 205991669 | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable | social loafing | |
| 205991670 | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity | deindividuation | |
| 205991671 | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group | group polarization | |
| 205991672 | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives | groupthink | |
| 205991673 | the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities | minority influence | |
| 205991674 | the power of the situation | social control | |
| 205991675 | the power of the individual | personal control | |
| 205991676 | an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members, involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action | prejudice | |
| 205991677 | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people | stereotype | |
| 205991678 | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members | discrimination | |
| 205991679 | "us"-people with whom one shares a common identity | ingroup | |
| 205991680 | "them"-those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup | outgroup | |
| 205991681 | the tendency to favor one's own group | ingroup bias | |
| 205991682 | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame | scapegoat theory | |
| 205991683 | the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get | just-world phenomenon | |
| 205991684 | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy | aggression | |
| 205991685 | a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas | conflict | |
| 205991686 | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior | social trap | |
| 205991687 | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them | mere exposure effect | |
| 205991688 | unselfish reguard for the welfare of others | altruism | |
| 205991689 | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present | bystander effect | |
| 205991690 | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs | social exchange theory | |
| 205991691 | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them | reciprocity norm | |
| 205991692 | an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them | social-responsibility norm | |
| 205994553 | refers to nonconscious mimicry of the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one's interaction partners, such that one's behavior passively and unintentionally changes to match that of others in one's current social environment. | chameleon effect | |
| 205994554 | social psychologists, believed he could get people to say something they didn't believe in, conformity, follower of stanley miligram | solomon asch | |
| 283456043 | After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. This perception most clearly illustrates: | hindsight bias | |
| 283456044 | When Leanne heard about experimental evidence that orange juice consumption triggers hyperactivity in children, she questioned whether the tested children had been randomly assigned to experimental conditions. Leanne's reaction best illustrates: | critical thinking | |
| 283456045 | Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management exemplifies: | hypothesis | |
| 283456046 | Which research technique is most directly useful for avoiding the thinking error known as the false consensus effect? | random sampling | |
| 283456047 | Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter employing? | naturalistic observation | |
| 283456048 | A negative correlation between people's physical health and their marital happiness would indicate that: | high martial status, low physical health | |
| 283456049 | Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that the self-esteem of students is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduces anxiety, Mr. Brown should first be reminded that: | correlation does not prove causation | |
| 283456050 | Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by caffeine consumption? | experiment | |
| 283456051 | In drug-treatment studies, double-blind procedures minimize outcome differences between experimental and control conditions that could be attributed to: | placebo effects | |
| 283456052 | In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, alertness would be the: | dependent variable | |
| 283456053 | In order to assess whether sense of humor is affected by sexual stimulation, researchers exposed married couples to either sexually stimulating or to sexually nonstimulating movie scenes prior to watching a comedy skit. In this research, the independent variable consisted of: | level of sexual stimulation | |
| 283456054 | One person in a ten-person group is ten times older than any of the other members. With respect to age, it is most likely that the majority of group members are younger than the group's: | mean | |
| 283456055 | The ________ is a measure of ________. | median;central tendency | |
| 283456056 | Random samples provide ________ estimates of population averages if the samples have small ________. | good; standard deviations | |
| 283456057 | Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the multiple-choice questions correctly because "the questions required only common sense." However, they each scored less than 60% on the exam. This best illustrates: | overconfidence | |
| 283456058 | Psychological theories: | organize scientific observations,explain observed facts,generate hypotheses | |
| 283456059 | Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally true? | case study | |
| 283456060 | Every twenty-fifth person who ordered a subscription to a weekly news magazine was contacted by market researchers to complete a survey of opinions regarding the magazine's contents. The researchers were most clearly employing a technique known as: | random sampling | |
| 283456061 | Surveys are most likely to indicate that reckless behavior and self-control are: | negatively correlated | |
| 283456062 | A correlation of +0.70 between children's physical height and their popularity among their peers indicates that: | more height, more popularity | |
| 283456063 | A tendency to notice and remember instances in which our premonitions of disaster are subsequently followed by harmful events is most likely to contribute to: | illusory correlations | |
| 283456064 | In order to test the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test. This research is an example of: | experiment | |
| 283456065 | Researchers control factors that might influence a dependent variable by means of: | random assignment | |
| 283456066 | In a study of factors that might affect memory, research participants were assigned to drink either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage prior to completing a memory test. Those who drank the nonalcoholic beverage participated in the ________ condition. | control | |
| 283456067 | In an experimental study of the effects of dieting on weight loss, dieting would be the: | independent | |
| 283456068 | The ________ can be a particularly misleading indication of what is average for a ________ distribution of scores. | mean;skewed | |
| 283456069 | The ________ is a measure of ________. | standard deviation;variation | |
| 283456070 | Ahmed has five sisters who are 3, 3, 5, 9, and 10 years of age. The number "5" represents the ________ of the sisters' ages. | median | |
| 283456071 | Differences between two samples are least likely to be statistically significant if: | the samples are small and the standard deviations of the samples are large | |
| 285491251 | believed in innate ideas,suggested that brain is the seat of mental processes | plato | |
| 285491252 | denied existence of innate ideas, suggests that heart is seat of mental processesIvan Pavlov pioneered the study of: | aristotle | |
| 285497060 | who created the hindsight bias? | slovic and fischhoff | |
| 288176201 | Professor Schroeder argues that children have an innate concept of justice that enables them to make distinctions between fair and unfair rules. This argument is most consistent with the views of: | Socrates | |
| 288176202 | In the context of debates over the origins of knowledge, nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________. | Descartes;Locke | |
| 288176203 | Who was the functionalist who authored a textbook for the emerging discipline of psychology? | James | |
| 288176204 | Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study of: | learning | |
| 288176205 | A unified understanding of the explanations provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and other perspectives in psychology is most clearly provided by: | biopsychosocial approach | |
| 288176206 | Basic research on persistent human traits like optimism and pessimism is most characteristic of the specialty known as ________ psychology. | personality | |
| 288176207 | The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts than a method of evaluating ideas best highlights the ________ character of psychology. | scientific | |
| 288176208 | In debating the origins of knowledge, Plato and Aristotle disagreed about the relative importance of: | nature and nurture | |
| 288176209 | Professor Boyd suggests that children in every culture can distinguish between costs and benefits because humans have an inborn understanding of economics. The professor's suggestion is most consistent with the views of: | plato | |
| 288176210 | Who emphasized that mental processes could exist independently of physical states? | Descartes | |
| 288176211 | Which school of psychology was most clearly concerned with the adaptive value of complex mental processes? | functionalism | |
| 288176212 | who was a physiologist and philosopher? | wundt | |
| 288176213 | Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the linkages between hormone levels and sexual motivation? | neuroscience | |
| 288176214 | Focusing on the extent to which personality is influenced by motives outside one's own awareness is most relevant to the ________ perspective. | psychodynamic |
