Overview of main terms in chapter 11 of AP World History. The book I'm using is the "World Civilizations: The Global Experience," fifth edition.
Terms : Hide Images
| 298201443 | Bedouin | "nomadic;" refers to Arabic cultures that developed over the centuries, based on camel and goat herding. | 0 | |
| 298251753 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh bedouin tribe that founded Mecca. | 1 | |
| 298251754 | Quraysh | The Bedouin tribe that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca. | 2 | |
| 298201444 | Shaykhs | leaders of tribes and clans were usually men with large herds, several wives, many children, and numerous retainers. | 3 | |
| 298201445 | Mecca | the most important of the cities that developed as links in the transcontinental trading system that stretched from the Mediterranean to east Asia. Located along the Red Sea on the western coast of Arabia. o Founded by Umayyad clan of the Quraysh Bedouin tribe and members of the clan dominated its politics and commercial economy. | 4 | |
| 298201446 | Ka'ba | one of the most revered religious sites shrines in pre-Islamic Arabia. It increased the status of Mecca and its merchant elite. | 5 | |
| 298201447 | Medina | "The city of the prophet Mohammad." Located northeast of Mecca. Control in Medina was contested by two Bedouin and three Jewish clans. | 6 | |
| 298201448 | Muhammad | a "prophet" who based a religion on his revelations, born around 570 CE into prominent Quraysh tribe, the Banu Hashim. o He worked as a trader for Khadijah (the widow of a wealthy merchant), whom he later married. | 7 | |
| 298201449 | Qu'ran | book in which all the revelations of Muhammad were written. | 8 | |
| 298201450 | Ali | a clansman who took Muhammad's place at one point, and risked being the target of assassins. | 9 | |
| 298201451 | Hijra | flight to Mecca. | 10 | |
| 298201452 | Umma | "community of the faithful;" made a certain amount of political unity possible, where it had not been possible in prior times. | 11 | |
| 298201453 | Zakat | tax for charity | 12 | |
| 298201454 | Five Pillars | principles that must be accepted and followed by all believers. Provided a basis for an underlying religious unity. -Prayer -Ramadan -Creed -Zakat -Hajj | 13 | |
| 298201455 | Ramadan | A fast that lasts until sun-down each day, during the month of Ramadan. | 14 | |
| 298201456 | Hajj | Pilgrimage to the "holy city" of Mecca, which must be done at least once in each person's lifetime, if they are physically able. | 15 | |
| 298201457 | Caliph | the political/religious successor to Muhammad. Clans had trouble deciding who would be the next caliph, and a fight between clans became extremely likely. | 16 | |
| 298201458 | Abu Bakr | caliph from 632 to 634; known to be courageous, warm, and wise. He was well educated in the knowledge of which tribes were always fighting, and which tribes could be pushed towards alliances with each other. | 17 | |
| 298201459 | Ridda Wars | defeat of rival prophets and some of the larger clans, by Muslim forces following Abu Bakr. | 18 | |
| 298201460 | Jihads | "holy wars;" launched to forcibly spread Muslim faith. | 19 | |
| 298201461 | Copts and Nestorians | Christian sects that were dominant in Byzantine Empire, and grew tired of persecution and over-taxation by Orthodox Byzantines. | 20 | |
| 298201462 | Uthman | 3rd caliph | 21 | |
| 298251755 | Mu'awiya | The new leader of the Umayyads in 660, who was proclaimed caliph in Jerusalem; directly challenging Ali's position. | 22 | |
| 298201463 | Sunnis | Islamic sect backed by the Umayyads | 23 | |
| 298201464 | Battle of Siffin | Ali was won over by a plea of mediation, in 657, when he was about to defeat Umyyad forces. | 24 | |
| 298201465 | Shi'a | Islamic sect that supported Ali. They became the most fundamental sect in the Islamic world. | 25 | |
| 298201466 | Karbala | the place where Ali's son, Husayn, was killed, in 680. This marked the point at which Shi'a sustained resistance to Umayyad caliphs. In other words, if I am correct, the Shi'a officially despised the Umayyad at this point, and refused to recognize their caliphs. | 26 | |
| 298201467 | Damascus | where Umayyads moved after Uthman's murder. It became a political center of community. | 27 | |
| 298201468 | Mawali | Muslim converts; these people were still made to pay property taxes, and sometimes jizya. | 28 | |
| 298201469 | Jizya | head tax, levied on nonbelievers. | 29 | |
| 298201470 | Dhimmi | "People of the Book;" originally applied to Christians and Jews who shared the Bible with Muslims. These people were allowed to live as they had before Arab rule, but were made to pay a lot of taxes which were not required of Arab Muslims. | 30 | |
| 298201471 | Hadiths | traditions of "the prophet" which played an important role in the forming of Islamic laws and rituals. | 31 | |
| 298201472 | Abbasid | traced its decent from Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas. | 32 | |
| 298201473 | Battle of the River Zab | in 750 Abbasid forces met an army led by the Umayyad caliph himself, near the Tigris River. | 33 | |
| 298201474 | Baghdad | They established their capital in Baghdad, Iraq, which was symbolically near Persia's old capital, and they began to rule like the Persians once had. | 34 | |
| 298201475 | Wazir | chief administrators and head of the caliphs inner councils. The growing number of these symbolized the bureaucratization of the Islamic Empire | 35 | |
| 298201476 | Dhows | Arab sailing vessels with lateen triangular sails. | 36 | |
| 298240852 | Ayan | wealthy landed elite who emerged in the early Abbasid era. | 37 |
