Chapters 15-17
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| 272634311 | Zheng He | An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. | 0 | |
| 272634313 | Arawak | Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. | 1 | |
| 272634315 | Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. | 2 | |
| 272634317 | caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 3 | |
| 272634318 | Gold Coast | Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. | 4 | |
| 272634319 | Bartolomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. | 5 | |
| 272634320 | Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. | 6 | |
| 272634321 | Christopher Columbus | Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization. | 7 | |
| 272634322 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. | 8 | |
| 272634323 | conquistadors | Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. | 9 | |
| 272634324 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. | 10 | |
| 272634325 | Moctezuma | Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes. | 11 | |
| 272634326 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. | 12 | |
| 272634327 | Atahualpa | Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. | 13 | |
| 272634328 | Renaissance | A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern (trans-Alpine) Renaissance, from roughly the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century. | 14 | |
| 272634329 | papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. | 15 | |
| 272634330 | indulgence | The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgence is often seen as touch off the Protestant Reformation. | 16 | |
| 272634331 | Protestant Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the "protesters" forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. | 17 | |
| 272634332 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarifies Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. | 18 | |
| 272634333 | witch-hunt | The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth century and seventeenth centuries. | 19 | |
| 272634334 | Scientific Revolution | The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. | 20 | |
| 272634335 | Enlightenment | A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. | 21 | |
| 272634336 | bourgeoisie | In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. | 22 | |
| 272634337 | joint-stock company | A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. | 23 | |
| 272634338 | stock exchange | a place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. | 24 | |
| 272634339 | gentry | In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. Respected for their education and expertise, these officials became a privileged group and made the government more efficient and responsive than in the past. The term also denotes the class of landholding families in England below the aristocracy. | 25 | |
| 272634340 | Little Ice Age | A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. | 26 | |
| 272634341 | deforestation | The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. | 27 | |
| 272634342 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 28 | |
| 272634343 | Habsburg | A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. | 29 | |
| 272634344 | English Civil War | (1642-1649) A conflict over royal versus Parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy. | 30 | |
| 272634345 | Versailles | The huge palace built for French King Louis XIV south of Paris in the town of the same name. The palace symbolized the preeminent of French power and architecture in Europe and the Triumph of royal authority over the French nobility. | 31 | |
| 272634346 | balance of power | The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. | 32 | |
| 272634347 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 33 | |
| 272634348 | Council of the Indies | The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities. | 34 | |
| 272634349 | Bartolome de Las Casas | First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor. | 35 | |
| 272634350 | Potosi | Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. | 36 | |
| 272634351 | encomienda | A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. | 37 | |
| 272634352 | creoles | In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all non-native peoples. | 38 | |
| 272634353 | mestizo | The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. | 39 | |
| 272634354 | mulatto | The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. | 40 | |
| 272634355 | indentured servant | A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. | 41 | |
| 272634356 | House of Burgesses | Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. | 42 | |
| 272634357 | Pilgrims | Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. | 43 | |
| 272634358 | Puritans | English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. | 44 | |
| 272634359 | Iroquois Confederacy | An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (six after 1722) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, the Confederacy dominated the area form western New England to the Great Lakes. | 45 | |
| 272634360 | New France | French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. It fell to the British in 1763. | 46 | |
| 272634361 | coureurs de bois | (runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. | 47 | |
| 272634362 | Tupac Amaru II | Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. | 48 |
