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| a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span | ||
| the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embyro | ||
| the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month | ||
| the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth | ||
| agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm | ||
| physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking | ||
| a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple | ||
| decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner | ||
| biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviour, relatively uninfluenced by experience | ||
| a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information | ||
| interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas | ||
| adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information | ||
| all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | ||
| in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities | ||
| the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived | ||
| in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic | ||
| the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects | ||
| in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view | ||
| people's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviours these might predict | ||
| a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind | ||
| in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events | ||
| in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people being to think logically about abstract concepts | ||
| the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning about 8 months of age | ||
| an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation | ||
| an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development | ||
| the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life | ||
| according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers | ||
| a sense of one's identity and personal worth | ||
| the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence | ||
| the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing | ||
| the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible | ||
| nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair | ||
| the first menstrual period | ||
| one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles | ||
| in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood | ||
| the time of natural cessation of menstruation | ||
| a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning | ||
| a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another | ||
| research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period | ||
| one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills;tends to increase with age | ||
| one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease late adulthood | ||
| the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement |
