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| A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells. | ||
| An enzyme found within the small intestine that splits off one amino acid at a time, beginning at the opposite end of the polypeptide containing a free carboxyl group. | ||
| The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation. | ||
| A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists. In plant cells, the wall is formed of cellulose fibers embedded in a polysaccharide-protein matrix. The primary cell wall is thin and flexible, whereas the secondary cell wall is stronger and more rigid and is the primary constituent of wood. | ||
| A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. | ||
| A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9 + 0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division | ||
| Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule-organizing center. | ||
| An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. | ||
| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. | ||
| A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins | ||
| A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane. | ||
| A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom | ||
| A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of the cell. | ||
| (plural, cristae) An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP. | ||
| The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane | ||
| A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells. | ||
| A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions. | ||
| The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm. | ||
| A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that functions as an anchor | ||
| A large contractile protein forming the side-arms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella. | ||
| A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the fine details of cell surfaces. | ||
| The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. | ||
| A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals; also called eukaryote. | ||
| The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides. | ||
| A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix. | ||
| (plural, flagella) A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in both structure and function. | ||
| A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis. | ||
| A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells. | ||
| A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate. | ||
| An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum. | ||
| (plural, grana) A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis | ||
| A receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. | ||
| A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments. | ||
| An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens. | ||
| A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. | ||
| A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction. | ||
| A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton | ||
| A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young plant cells. | ||
| The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle. | ||
| (plural, mitochondria) An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration. | ||
| A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction. | ||
| The membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. | ||
| A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus. | ||
| A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. | ||
| (plural, nucleoli) A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes. | ||
| (1) An atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome-containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons. | ||
| One of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. | ||
| A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide. | ||
| A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. | ||
| The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition | ||
| (plural, plasmodesmata) An open channel in the cell wall of plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell. | ||
| One of a family of closely related plant organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts (leucoplasts). | ||
| A relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young plant cell. | ||
| A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea. | ||
| A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbohydrate | ||
| (plural, pseudopodia) A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding. | ||
| A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits. | ||
| That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes. | ||
| A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography. | ||
| A strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support. | ||
| That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes | ||
| The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. | ||
| A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy | ||
| A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells. | ||
| A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents, called cell sap; also known as the vacuolar membrane | ||
| A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections; primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells. | ||
| A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell. | ||
| A sac made of membrane inside of cells. |
