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| 223102325 | Vasco da Gama | A Portuguese navigator, who, in 1498 rounded Africa and landed on the Malabar Coast (southwest of India). He loaded his ships with desired wares and in 1502 returned with a fleet of twenty-one vessels, resulting in war between the Portuguese and Arab Merchants. | |
| 223102326 | Albuquerque | The first governor general of the Portuguese. Under him, fortified stations at Goa and the Malabar Coast were built, as well as in the Red Sea and Hormuz. He died dreaming of deflecting the Nile in order to destroy Egypt (and their commerce). | |
| 223102327 | Magellan | In 1520, sponsored by the Spanish, he sailed from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and through the Pacific to the Philippine Islands. His crew fought through hostile Portuguese back to Spain. Largely accredited with the first explorer to circumnavigate the globe. | |
| 223102328 | Conquistadores | A conqueror, especially one of Spain or Portugal during the 16th Century. Examples: Cortés conquered the Aztecs while Pizarro took over the Incas. | |
| 223102329 | Treaty of 1494 | The agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided the globe in a line that ran from a point in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean through the north pole and across eastern Asia. Spain claimed the Americas and the Philippine islands while Portugal had Africa, Asia, and the East Indies, along with Brazil when it was discovered in 1500. | |
| 223102330 | Black Legend | What the Spanish regarded the belief occurring in Protestant countries and France, as they began to worry of a Spanish regime in America. The Inquisition was established there and the natives were forced to comply with the Spaniards. | |
| 223102331 | Encomienda | Describes the system in which Indians (Native Americans) had to work a certain number of days a week while still retaining the land that they worked on. | |
| 223102332 | Mestizo | A class of mixed white and Indian descent that arose due to small numbers in emigration. They adopted a significant amount of the Spanish language as well as the faith of the church. | |
| 223102333 | Potosí | In 1545, this city was discovered by the Portuguese in what is modern day Bolivia. Rich silver deposits were found and new methods of extracting silver from the ore by the use of mercury were practiced. Half a million pounds of silver made its way to Portugal annually, making it possible to fund the European projects of the king of Spain. | |
| 223890904 | "Price Revolution" | The name for the steady rise in prices that occurred in Europe from the 14th Century to the time when the machine industry evolved. A given unit of money declined in value which constituted a gradual inflation. One of the three main factors for the Commercial Revolution. | |
| 223890905 | Guild | During the Middle Ages, a group of craftsmen formed this, producing common articles for local use. Protected by tariffs and regulations, peasants and lords were their prime consumers. There was a master who owned his "capital" but was hardly considered a capitalist. They produced on order primarily and there was little profit, innovation and little risk. | |
| 223890906 | Entrepreneur | A person who operates a business or businesses, taking greater financial risks than normal. In this time period, they usually started out as a merchant working in a large market, and ended up as bankers. Examples included the Medicis and the Fuggers. | |
| 223890907 | Medici | The ruling family of Florence during the Renaissance who were wealthy as merchants and then as bankers. Huge patron of the arts. | |
| 223890908 | Fugger | A German family who dealt fustian cloth, spices, silks, and other Eastern goods obtained in Venice. Profits were invested in other things such as mining and they lent their money to Renaissance popes, Charles V (getting him elected as the emperor of the HRE), Habsburgs, and Portuguese trade with Asia. | |
| 223890909 | Domestic system | Utilized by Englishmen who wished to escape the restrictive practices of guilds, they "put out" the work to people in the country and equipped them properly. | |
| 223890910 | "Usury" | The illegal action of lending money at ridiculously high rates of interest. The Catholic Church, Luther, Calvinists priests, and many others proclaimed "Fuggerism" as this. | |
| 223890911 | Favorable balance of trade | Raising the number of exports of finished goods and limiting the number of exports that were raw materials were thought to bring this. | |
| 223890912 | Chartered trading companies | A state-supported organization with special rights. Each was a monopoly in a specific region so that only merchants who belonged to the company could legally trade in that region, and each were expected to bring home gold or silver. | |
| 224613803 | Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs | Charles V abdicated his many crowns after tiring of trying to achieve religious unity in Germany. Ferdinand owned Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. Charles' son Philip ruled the rest and soon became Philip II of Spain. | |
| 224613804 | Siglo de oro | The Golden Age for Spain, roughly from 1550-1650. Notable people and works include Cervantes and Don Quixote, Lope de Vega and his seven hundred dramas and various artists such as El Greco, Murillo and Velazquez. Catholicism remained the essence of life in Spain. | |
| 224613805 | Escorial | The name of the royal residence that Philip II built thirty miles from Madrid. Both monks and the king lived there. Philip II studied, worked, and lived almost like a monk during this period, devoting all his actions to his sole ambition of re-establishing Catholicism. | |
| 224613806 | Council of Troubles | The Inquisition lead by the Duke of Alva to punish those Protestant in the Netherlands. | |
| 224613807 | Duke of Norfolk | From Spain, he led the Catholics in England to revolt against the Queen. | |
| 224613808 | Prince of Parma | Both a diplomat and a soldier, he negotiated with the Southern provinces of the Netherlands and fought against the North and England. | |
| 224613809 | Union of Utrecht | The league formed by the Northern provinces in response to the Southern province's new alliance with Spain. | |
| 224613810 | Sir Francis Drake | English naval battler who assisted in the wreckage of the Spanish Armada. | |
| 224613811 | Armada católica | The name for the Armada of Spain. | |
| 224613812 | Joyeuse Entrée | The article from the Dukes of Burgundy that guaranteed the seventeen provinces rights to act like separate countries or states, in return for taxes. | |
| 224613813 | Duke of Alva | The governor general sent in who established the Council of Troubles in the Netherlands. | |
| 224613814 | Mary Queen of Scots | The granddaughter of Henry VII who had a claim to the throne after Elizabeth. Elizabeth saw her as a threat because of popular Catholic support and so imprisoned her. She was later executed, a decision primarily made by Parliament. | |
| 224613815 | Don Juan | The half-brother of Philip II who had a grandiose idea to use the Netherlands as a base for attacking England. He then wanted to marry Mary Queen of Scots and become the ruler of England. | |
| 224613816 | Twelve Year's Truce | The agreement that divided the North and South provinces of the Netherlands. The upper seven became the United Provinces while the bottom ten were still part of Spain. | |
| 229491831 | "Boy kings" | 3 sons of Francis 1st who ruled France in their teenage years. Francis 2nd, Charles 9th, and Henry 3rd. Heavily influenced by their mother Catherine de Medici. | |
| 229497611 | Huguenots | French Calvinists. Important figures: Admiral de Coligny, Henry of Navarre | |
| 229497612 | Catherine de Medici | Daughter of Lorenzo the Mag. of Italy. Married Francis 1st. After his death, she attempted to influence her three sons as they each took the crown. She had to deal with the Guise family as well as the Huguenots. | |
| 229497613 | Admiral de Coligny | Influential member of the Huguenots. A mentor to Charles 9th; He was killed on St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre because of the Duke of Guise. | |
| 229497614 | "3 Henrys" | 1st) Henry 3rd: youngest son of Francis 1st who was assassinated by a member of the Guise family. Cross dresser who attempted to marry Elizabeth 1st. 2nd) Henry of Guise: 3rd) Henry of Navarre: Huguenot leader who was engaged to Margot de Medici. He became the king of France and was known for saying "Paris is worth a Mass". A politique. | |
| 229497615 | Politique | Someone who cares more about politics than religion. Ex: Henry of Navarre and Cardinal Richelieu. | |
| 229497616 | St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Henry of Navarre and the Huguenots were in Paris to attend the wedding of Margot and Henry. The duke of Guise persuaded Catherine to murder all the Huguenots since they were all in one location. 2-3,000 were slain including Admiral de Coligny. Henry of Navarre faked a conversion which freed him. | |
| 229497617 | Jean Bodin | Known in France for being the first person to come up with the concept of sovereignty. (Having control of your own government) | |
| 229497618 | Edict of Nantes | Issued by Henry 4th, it granted every lord the right to be Protestant. Allowed for Protestants to be able to protect themselves as well as have the same civil rights. As a result, Huguenots were less rebellious. 1598. | |
| 229497619 | Parlements | Supreme law courts who refused to recognize the Edict of Nantes. (In France) | |
| 229497620 | Estates-General | Henry 4th never summoned this English equivalent of Parliament in France. Wasn't summoned until the French Revolution. | |
| 229497621 | Rebellion of La Rochelle | In 1627, the Duke of Rohan in France led this Huguenot rebellion in the city it was named after. He had support from England. | |
| 229497622 | Peace of Alais | In 1628 the rebellion of La Rochelle was resolved by this treaty. The Huguenots lost their fortified cities, armies and territorial rights. | |
| 229497623 | Holy Roman Empire | The 300+ states in Germany and Austria after the abdication of Charles 5th. Because of the emergence of Calvinism, holy wars broke out constantly resulting in national, political and international wars. | |
| 229497624 | Peace of Augsburg | In 1555, the Protestant Reformation was ended by this treaty which stated that the ruler of any state in the HRE decided whether or not the region would be Catholic or Lutheran. | |
| 229497625 | Ecclesiastical Reservation | If the new leader of any state in the HRE was of a different religion than determined by the Peace of Augsburg, then they must leave the state, thereby preserving this concept. However, it was not upheld in the proceeding years. | |
| 229515259 | Matthias | The Habsburg HRE who sent in two emissaries to Czech. When the emissaries were thrown out the window he sent in troops to restore his authority. Shortly the Bohemians despised of him and elected a new king. | |
| 229515260 | Ferdinand II | Matthias's successor who was assisted by money from the pope, Spanish troops, and the forces of Catholic Bavaria. Because of this he managed to win the Bohemian phase of the 3o yrs. War. As a result he was elected as king once again. In the Danish phase, he hired mercenary Albert of Wallenstein. | |
| 229515261 | Frederick V | The elected king of the Bohemians as a replacement to Matthias. Head of the Protestant Union and his reign was short and it ended at the Battle of the White Mtn. Commonly called the Winter King. | |
| 229515262 | Protestant Union | Lead by Frederick V. In 1608 the Protestant states urged on by elector Palantine formed the Protestant Union to defend gains. They negotiated with the Dutch, English and Henry 4th of France. In response, a league of Catholic German states organized by Bavaria was formed. | |
| 229515263 | "Defenestration of Prague" | Matthias, the HRE, sent two emissaries to Czech. When they were thrown out the window, the Catholics regarded their actions as this... | |
| 229515264 | Battle of the White Mountain | The deciding battle of the Bohemian phase in the 3o yrs. war where Protestant Union leader, Frederick, was defeated and Spain and the Habsurgs were notorious. RESULTS: Spain was further entrenched in Rhineland, Bohemia was revolutionized by the Habsburgs, and Ferdinand was reelected king. | |
| 229515265 | Edict of Restitution | When Spain won the Danish phase, the emperor declared this edict in which all previously secularized territories since 1552 were automatically Catholic. | |
| 229515266 | (Albert of) Wallenstein | The mercenary hired by Emp. Ferdinand. Hired to fight in the HRE against Danes and the Protestants. He is known for being torturous. | |
| 229515267 | Gustavus Adolphus | The King of Sweden. A devout Lutheran who joined the 3o Yrs. War. Although his army won many battles he was unfortunately killed in 1632. Joined the fight for both religious and territorial reasons. | |
| 229515268 | Oxenstierna | The chancellor of Sweden who replaced Gustavus Adolphus after his death. He advanced into Bohemia but it was unclear what the Swedish goal was from this point on. Despite Richelieu's help, Sweden lost this phase. | |
| 229515269 | Peace of Westphalia (1648) | This treaty began with peace talks in 1644. In Westphalia, hundreds of diplomats and negotiators from the HRE, Spain, France, Sweden, Neth., Switz, Portugal, Venice and the pope. Dealt with the affairs of state war and power. The Peace of Westphalia renewed the terms of the Peace of Augsburg, but added Calvinism as an acceptable faith. | |
| 229515270 | English Poor Law of 1601 | This law was designed to force peasants to work. This way. there would be a decrease of begging and stealing. Supported Mercantilism, but most poor didn;t benefit. | |
| 229517777 | Bourgeoise | Emerging middle class of the time. Originally it meant a person living in a chartered town enjoying its liberties. | |
| 229517778 | Robot | Peasants had to work 3-4 days a week on their lord's land and were free to work the rest of the week for themselves. | |
| 229517779 | Hidalgo | Name for the Spanish nobles. Most of whom went to universities aspiring to be a part of the church and royal governments. In Spain, they were numerous and overlapped with the middle class. | |
| 229517780 | Ursuline sisters | From Italy, they established girl schools. | |
| 229517781 | "Plebians" | Middle class that ranged from big merchants to quite modest levels. Half the students of Oxford, at the time, belonged to this class. | |
| 229517782 | "Hereditary Subjection" | In Germany the term that was used to describe serfdom. The serfs could not leave the manner, get married, or learn a trade without the lord's permission. | |
| 229517783 | Junker | The name of the nobles in Germany. Known for living more modestly than the other lords of the east. | |
| 230988783 | Burgundy | Also known as "Franche-Comte". Territory that bordered the HRE, Habsburg territory. Site of disputes between Habsburgs and France. | |
| 230988784 | Four Phases of the 30 Years War | Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French-Swedish | |
| 230988785 | Holstein | Territory in the HRE; Denmark entered the Thirty Years War in order to conquer it. Failed at doing so. | |
| 230988786 | Results of the Thirty Years War | HRE decimated; in complete ruins. HRE victories- Bohemian, Danish, and Swedish. F-S is a draw. Austrian Habsburgs reform, re-strategize End of religious wars United Provinces: Independence assured France and England: Going for greatness | |
| 230988787 | Problems Facing France | Too large- little infrastructure, local autonomy (provinces have too much independence), different legal systems, religions challenges, ambitious nobility, poor leadership | |
| 231053351 | PEACE OF PRAGUE (1635) | Starting with Saxony, the Protestant states in Germany withdrew their support of Sweden because of this treaty. The emperor annulled the Edict of Restitution. Although the war seemed nearly over, both France and Spain continued to fuel the fighting. (SWEDISH-SWEDISH-FRENCH PHASE) |
