From the 2008 Kaplan Test prep book, beginning on page 99 and the logical fallacies handout from class
Terms : Hide Images
| 23311673 | allegory | a narrative in which the characters, behavior, etc. demonstrate symbolism on many levels | 0 | |
| 23311674 | alliteration | repetition of a similar initial sound, usually consonants (She sells sea shells...) | 1 | |
| 23311675 | allusion | a literary, historical, religious, or mythological reference | 2 | |
| 23311676 | anaphora | repetition of the same words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases | 3 | |
| 23311677 | antithesis | the juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words "To err is human, to forgive divine." | 4 | |
| 23311678 | aphorism | a concise statement designed to illustrate a commonly held belief | 5 | |
| 23311679 | assonance | the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds (not always at beginning) | 6 | |
| 23311680 | asyndeton | a structure without conjunctions in a series (vini, vidi, vici) | 7 | |
| 23311681 | attitude | the sense expressed by the tone of voice or the mood of a piece of writing; the author's feelings toward his or her subject | 8 | |
| 23311682 | begging the question | argumentative strategy where the arguer sidesteps the question or the conflict | 9 | |
| 23311683 | canon | that which has been accepted as authentic | 10 | |
| 23311684 | chiasmus | syntactical structure wherein the order of the terms in the first half of a parallel clause is reversed int he second | 11 | |
| 23311685 | claim | in argumentation, an assertion of something as fact | 12 | |
| 23311686 | colloquial | the diction of the common, ordinary folks especially in a specific area (Coke vs. pop) | 13 | |
| 23311687 | comparison and contrast | mode of discourse; two or more things are compared, contrasted, or both | 14 | |
| 23311688 | conceit | a comparison of two unlikley things that is drawn out within a piece of literature; usually extended metaphor in a poem | 15 | |
| 23311689 | connotation | the underlying, implied meaning of a word or phrase | 16 | |
| 23311690 | denotation | the dictionary definition of a word | 17 | |
| 23311691 | consonance | the repetition of 2+ consonants with a change in intervening vowels | 18 | |
| 23311692 | convention | an accepted manner, model, or tradition (Aristotle's conventions of persuasion) | 19 | |
| 23311693 | critique | analysis of something for the purposes of determining its limitations and how it fits in its genre | 20 | |
| 23311694 | deductive reasoning | movement from the general to the specific | 21 | |
| 23311695 | dialect | language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area | 22 | |
| 23311696 | diction | word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect | 23 | |
| 23311697 | didactic | writing with an instructive purpose or lesson | 24 | |
| 23311698 | elegy | poem that lements the death of a person | 25 | |
| 23311699 | epistrophe | repetition of a phrase at the end of successive sentences (opposite of anaphora) | 26 | |
| 23311700 | epitaph | writing in praise of a dead person on a headstone | 27 | |
| 23311701 | ethos | appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker | 28 | |
| 23311702 | eulogy | speech in praise of a person (elegy laments, eulogy praises) | 29 | |
| 23311703 | euphemism | an indirect or less harsh way of expressing unpleasant information | 30 | |
| 23311704 | exposition | the interpretation or analysis of a text | 31 | |
| 23311705 | extended metaphor | series of comparisons within a piece of writing | 32 | |
| 23311706 | figurative language | levels of meaning expressed through figures of speech (metaphor, hyperbole, irony, etc.) | 33 | |
| 23311707 | flashback/retrospection | an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narration | 34 | |
| 23311708 | genre | type or class of literature | 35 | |
| 23311709 | homily | sermon, but more contemporary | 36 | |
| 23311710 | hyperbole | overstatement characterized by exaggerate language | 37 | |
| 23311711 | imagery | any sensory detail or evocation in a work | 38 | |
| 23311712 | inductive reasoning | movement from the specific to the general | 39 | |
| 23311713 | inference | a conclusion or proposition arrived at by considering facts, observations, or data | 40 | |
| 23311714 | irony | contrast between what is stated and what is really meant | 41 | |
| 23311715 | verbal irony | what the author says is actually the opposite of what is meant | 42 | |
| 23311716 | situational irony | when events end up the opposite of what is expected | 43 | |
| 23311717 | dramatic irony | facts or situations are known to the reader or audience but not to the characters | 44 | |
| 23311718 | isocolon | parallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure, but also in length | 45 | |
| 23311719 | jargon | specialized language of a trade or profession | 46 | |
| 23311720 | juxtaposition | location of one thing adjacent to another to create an effect or reveal an attitude | 47 | |
| 23311721 | litote | figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement | 48 | |
| 23311722 | loose sentence | long sentence that starts with its main clause followed by several dependent clauses | 49 | |
| 23311723 | metaphor | one thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy | 50 | |
| 23311724 | metonymy | a figure of speech in which an attribute is used to name something (Congress said today...) | 51 | |
| 23311725 | mode of discourse | the way in which information is presented in written or spoken form | 52 | |
| 23311726 | mood | feeling resulting from the tone of a piece as wel as the writer's attitude and point of view | 53 | |
| 23311727 | narrative | mode of discourse that tells a story of some port and is based on sequences of connected events | 54 | |
| 23311728 | onomatopoeia | word capturing the sound of what it describes | 55 | |
| 23311729 | oxymoron | figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory elements | 56 | |
| 23311730 | paradox | statement that seems contradictory but may probably be true | 57 | |
| 23311731 | parallel structure | the use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts | 58 | |
| 23311732 | pathos | element that simulates pity or sorrow | 59 | |
| 23311733 | periodic sentence | a long sentence in which the main clause is not completed until the end | 60 | |
| 23311734 | personification | treating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person | 61 | |
| 23311735 | point of view | the relation in which a narrator stands to a subject of discourse | 62 | |
| 23311736 | prose | the ordinary form of written language without metrical structure in contrast to verse and poetry | 63 | |
| 23311737 | realism | attempting to describe nature and life without idealization | 64 | |
| 23311738 | rebuttal/refutation | an argument technique wherein opposing arguments are anticipated and countered | 65 | |
| 23311739 | rhetoric | the art of using words to persuade in writing or speaking | 66 | |
| 23311740 | rhetorical question | a question that is asked simply for the sake of stylistic effect | 67 | |
| 23311741 | sarcasm | a form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually critical | 68 | |
| 23311742 | satire | literary work that holds up human failings to ridicule and censure | 69 | |
| 23311743 | simile | a direct, explicit comparison of one thing to another, usually with like or as | 70 | |
| 23311744 | style | the manner in which a writer combines and arranges word, shapes ideas, and utilizes syntax and structure | 71 | |
| 23311745 | symbolism | use of a person, place, thing, event, or pattern that figuratively represents or "stands" for something else | 72 | |
| 23311746 | synecdoche | a figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole (100 head of steer, 50 masts) | 73 | |
| 23311747 | syntax | the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences | 74 | |
| 23311748 | theme | central or dominant idea or focus of a work | 75 | |
| 23311749 | tone | the attitude the narrator/writer takes toward a subject and theme | 76 | |
| 23311750 | voice | acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story; the speaker's take on an idea | 77 | |
| 23311751 | zeugma | grammatically correct construction in which a word is applied to two or more nouns without being repeated | 78 | |
| 23311752 | anecdote | short, personal story | 79 | |
| 23311753 | apostrophe | invocation to an inanimate object | 80 | |
| 23311754 | epiphany | sudden revelation | 81 | |
| 23311755 | pun | sharply contrasting meanings using words with the same sound | 82 | |
| 23311756 | argumentum ad ignorantiam | a position mst be true since no one can prove it is false | 83 | |
| 23311757 | argumentum ad hominem | attacks on character about the claimant that are not relevant to the argument | 84 | |
| 23311758 | bandwagon | suggesting that large numbers can give credibility to a product, cause, or assertion | 85 | |
| 23311759 | circular reasoning | an argument that takes as evidence what it claims to prove | 86 | |
| 23311760 | either/or | refers to the fact that a third, often a middle, position is missing (for us or against us) | 87 | |
| 23311761 | false analogy | an analogy in which the dissimilarities between 2 things are so much greater than their similarities that their connection by analogy is unjustified (oversimplifying) | 88 | |
| 23311762 | hypothesis contrary to fact | an argument; writer begins with a premise that is not true and then draws conclusions therefrom (starts with fantasy_ | 89 | |
| 23311763 | ipse dixit | appeal to an unqualified expert (not a doctor, but I play one on TV) | 90 | |
| 23311764 | non sequitur | any argument whose conclusion does not follow from its remises (She would make a good senator because she knows Washington) | 91 | |
| 23311765 | post hoc; ergo propter hoc | sequential relationship is misinterpreted as a causal one | 92 | |
| 23311766 | red herring | introduces an irrelevant point to distract the audience from the main or current argument | 93 | |
| 23311767 | simple cause | assumes one reason alone is sufficient to explain a situation | 94 | |
| 23311768 | straw-man | writer denounces an easier, less defensible argument than the one at hand | 95 | |
| 23311769 | undistributed middle | first premise and conclusion are said to be related because they share a common property (think syllogy) | 96 | |
| 23480964 | anachronism | an object in a piece of literature that does not correspond to the time period it was written in | 97 |
