AP Bio Plant Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 307205685 | Three functions of roots | Anchorage, storage, and absorption | |
| 307205686 | Plants | Evolved from green algae, cell walls made of cellulose, store surplus carbohydrates as starch, most moved to land 475 million years ago, the plant body lives simultaneously in air and in soil-presents a challenge | |
| 307205687 | Water Movement up a tree | Transpirational pull cohesion tension theory states, as one molecule of water evaporates from the leaves, one molecule of water is drawn in through the roots, this process requires no energy, water flows from high to low water potential | |
| 307205688 | Gametangia | reproductive organ of bryophytes | |
| 307205689 | Archegonium | female gametangia produces eggs, found in gymnosperms and bryophytes, fertilization occurs here | |
| 307205690 | Antheridium | male gametangia produces sperm, found in gymnosperms and b bryophytes | |
| 307205691 | Reasons Stomates Open | Photosynthetic guard cells make sugar, causing decrease in water potential inside guard cells. Guard cells absorb water and become turgid. Light stimulates blue light sensors in plasma membrane of guard cells. Potassium ion levels increase. CO2 levels decrease. | |
| 307205692 | Gibberellin | Plant hormones. Discovered in rice fungus. Stimulates stems and leaves to grow long. Causes plant to grow a long stem during bolting. | |
| 307205693 | Apical Dominance | Promotes growth of apical shoots. Inhibits development of axillary buds. | |
| 307205694 | Alteration of Genetics | (Mosses) The n generation is the more conspicuous and dominant. The 2n plant grows out from the n plant. It is smaller and exists for a short time. (Ferns) The n and 2n generations are independent of one another although the 2n generation is larger. (Flowering Plants) the 2n generation is dominant. The n generation is dependent on the 2n generation. The n generation develops inside the sporophyte generation. | |
| 307205695 | Parenchyma Cells | Ground tissue. Typical plant cell. Single, large vacuole. Thin flexible primary cell walls, no secondary wall. Most common plant cell type. Functions are photosynthesis, storage, synthesis. Undergoes cell division. Regenerating an entire plant from a single parenchymal cell is possible. | |
| 307205696 | Bryophytes | Grow close to ground because they lack vascular tissue and lack lignin-fortified tissue that enables plants on land to grow tall. Mosses and liverworts. | |
| 307205697 | Dry Environment Modifications | Cell walls, stomates, gametangia, C-4 plants, pollen, needle of cacti, xylem, seeds, roots and root hairs, stomatal crypt, sporopollenin, CAM plants, waxy cuticle, lignin, phloem | |
| 307205698 | Ethylene | A gaseous plant hormone, responsible for fruit ripening. Given off by ripe fruit, promotes leaf abscission (loss of leaves) | |
| 307205699 | Plant Hormones | Help coordinate growth, development and responses to environmental stimuli. Produced in minute concentrations. Includes auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene | |
| 307205700 | Mychorrizae | Mutualistic relationship between fungi and roots of almost all vascular plants. Enhances uptake of water and selected minerals. | |
| 307205701 | Rhizobium | Mutualistic relationship between bacteria and roots of legumes. Helps fix nitrogen gas from the air into a form the plant can utilize. Increased nitrate uptake results in high protein content. | |
| 307205702 | Kranz Anatomy | Refers to structure of C-4 leaves which differ from C-3 leaves. No palisade layer. Bundle-sheath cells lie under mesophyll; both cells tightly surround veins. | |
| 307205703 | Hatch-Slack Pathway | A different biochemical pathway that precedes the Calvin Cycle and pumps CO2 from mesophyll into bundle sheath cells where the Calvin Cycle occurs. | |
| 307205704 | Xylem | Carries water and minerals from soil to shoots and leaves. Main component of wood. Consists of tracheids and vessel elements. Fully specialized cells are no longer alive. Spindle shaped. Elongated cells are linked together, forming a tube. | |
| 307205705 | Sclerenchyma Cells | Type of ground tissue. Have thick secondary cell walls strengthened by lignin. Make up xylem elements, tracheids, and vessels. (Fibers are hemp, rope, and linen. Sclereids are nutshells, seed coats, and grittiness in pears) | |
| 307205706 | Gymnosperms | Seeded cone-bearing plants (conifers). Have many modifications for dry environment, eg. Needlelike leaves. (Pine, yew, juniper, cedar, sequoia) | |
| 307205707 | Roots Types | TAP ROOT Characteristics of dicots, consists of one large vertical root, stores food. FIBROUS ROOT, common in monocots, like grasses, anchors plants firmly in the soil. ADVENTITIOUS, roots that grow above the ground, corn has above ground roots that prop up the plant, | |
| 307205708 | Dicot stem structure | In the dicot stem, the vascular bundles are located in a ring around the center. | |
| 307205709 | Protonema | In bryophytes, a threadlike monoploid structure that devolves from haploid spores after they germinate. Individual gametophytes arise like branched from the protonema. | |
| 307205710 | Seed and fruits | Seeds consists of the sporophytes (2n) embryo packaged with food supply inside a protective coat, the seed coat. Fruit are ripened ovary that contains seeds. | |
| 307205711 | Dicots | Seed consists of 2 pairs, veins in leaves are netlike, floral parts in 4s and 5s, roots are taproots, and Vascular bundles in stems are located in a ring | |
| 307205712 | Aquaporins | Membrane channels specific for passive, rapid transport of water into or out of a cell, found both in plants and animals. | |
| 307205713 | Reasons Stomates close | Guard cell lose water and become flaccid, plants dehydrate, temperatures are high, abscisic levels increase | |
| 307205714 | Abscisic Acid (ABA) | plant hormone, inhibits growth and cell division, promotes plant and seed dormancy | |
| 307205715 | Statoliths | Specialized plastids that contain starch grains that sink to the low points in cells, helps plants respond to gravity (gravitropism) | |
| 307205716 | Vegetative Propagation | Asexual reproduction in plants, Plants clone( make exact copies of) themselves from plant parts; stem roots, and leaves, offspring are identical to the parents, Ex cuttings, runners, bulbs, grafting | |
| 307205717 | Collenchyma Cells | Type of ground tissue, Uneven and thick primary cell walls, Provide support for young plants, make up the "strings" of celery | |
| 307205718 | Angiosperms | Flowering plants (Anthophyta), seed is hidden inside ovary, Most diverse plants on earth, Types; monocots, dicots , EX; Roses, daisies, nut and fruit trees | |
| 307205719 | Tracheophytes | Plants having transport vessels, xylem, and phloem. Includes all plants except mosses and liverwort. Two types: gymnosperms, angiosperms. | |
| 307205720 | Cytokinin | Plant hormone. Synthesized in actively growing tissue. Stimulates cell division and growth. Delays senescence(aging). | |
| 307205721 | Tropism | Growth movement of a plant toward or away from stimuli. Positive tropism-toward stimuli, negative tropism-away from stimuli. Examples- phototropism(light), gravitropism(gravity), Thigmotopism(touch). | |
| 307205722 | Sap Movement down a Tree | Sap flows down(and around) the phloem of a tree by active transport by a process called translocation. | |
| 307205723 | Plants Tissue Type | Dermal Tissue-protection (acts as the skin of the plant), abortion (root hairs are modified epidermal cells). Vascular Tissue- Xylem (carries water and minerals from roots to leaves), Phloem(carries food from leaves to nonphotosynthetic parts of plants). Ground Tissue- Support, Photosynthesis, and storage. | |
| 307205724 | Land Plant Classification | Bryophytes(seedless) , Tracheophytes(seeds), Gymnosperm(cone bearing), Angiosperm(flowering, Monocots and Dicots) | |
| 307205725 | PLasmodesmata | continuous pathway from cytosol to cytosol between adjacent cells | |
| 307205726 | Symplast | System of plasmodesmata | |
| 307205727 | Apoplast | the extracellular pathway formed by the connection of all the adjacent cell walls of neighboring plant cells | |
| 307205728 | Gametophyte/Sporophyte Generations | Major characteristics of the sexual life cycle of plants. The monoploid and diploid generations alternate. Gametophyte generation- the n or monoploid generation; mosses. Sporophyte generation- the 2n generation or diploid generation; flowering plants | |
| 307205729 | Transcription and rate increases | Transpiration is the loss of water through the stomates of the leaf. The rate increases due to; High temperatures, Wind, and low humidity. | |
| 307205730 | Phytochrome | Regulates many responses to light throughout the plants life, from germination of seeds to flowering. Is a photoreceptor molecule sensitive to red and far red light. has two isomeric forms ; one absorbs red light, one absorbs far-red light, each one converts to other. Plant synthesis Phytochrome as Pr, if a plant is kept in the light, pr converts to Pfr, in the dark, Pfr converts to Pr again. | |
| 307205731 | Auxin | Plant hormone. Produced in meristem tissue=e of apical buds and embryo. Responsible for apical dominance. Stimulates cell elongation, root grown, and development of fruit. Unequal distribution of auxins is responsible for phototropisms. Used as rooting powder to help the cut ends of plants grow new roots. | |
| 307205732 | Plant sexual reproduction | Called double fertilization. One sperm fertilizes the ovum and becomes the embryo (2n). The other sperm fertilizes two polar bodies and becomes the endosperm of cotyledon (3n)- food for the growing embryo. After fertilization, the ovule becomes the seed and the ovary becomes the fruit. | |
| 307205733 | Monocot stem Structure | In a monocot stem, vascular bundles are scattered across the stem. | |
| 307205734 | Phloem | Carries sugar from the leaves to the roots. Consists of seive tube and companion cells. Sieve tube member- conducting cells that are alive but lack organelles necessary to keep themselves alive. Companion cells: non conducting cells that nourish the adjacent sieve cells. | |
| 307205735 | Sporopollenin | A complex polymer responsible for making the walls of plant spores tough and resistant to harsh environmental conditions. | |
| 307205736 | Monocot | Seed consists of one part. Veins in leaves are parallel floral parts in 3s. roots are fibrous. Vascular bundles in stem are scattered throughout. Ex. Grasses, corn. |
