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| 203400504 | Environment | Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us | 0 | |
| 203400505 | Behavior Genetics | The study of the relative power of limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior | 1 | |
| 203400506 | Chromosomes | Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes | 2 | |
| 203400507 | DNA | A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes | 3 | |
| 203400508 | Genes | The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein | 4 | |
| 203400509 | Genome | The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes | 5 | |
| 203400510 | Identical Twins | Twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms. | 6 | |
| 203400511 | Fraternal Twins | Twins who developed from separate fertilized eggs. They genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment | 7 | |
| 203400512 | Temperament | A person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity | 8 | |
| 203400513 | Heritability | The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The ______ of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied | 9 | |
| 203400514 | Interaction | The effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (i.e. heritability) | 10 | |
| 203400515 | Molecular Genetics | The subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes | 11 | |
| 203400516 | Evolutionary Psychology | The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection | 12 | |
| 203400517 | Natural Selection | The principal that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations | 13 | |
| 203400518 | Mutation | A random error in gene replication that leads to a change | 14 | |
| 203400519 | Gender | In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female | 15 | |
| 203400520 | Culture | The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next | 16 | |
| 203400521 | Norm | An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior | 17 | |
| 203400522 | Personal Space | The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies | 18 | |
| 203400523 | Individualism | Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications | 19 | |
| 203400524 | Collectivism | Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly | 20 | |
| 203400525 | Aggression | Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone | 21 | |
| 203400526 | X Chromosome | The sex chromosome found in both men and women. | 22 | |
| 203400527 | Y Chromosome | The sex chromosome found only in males. | 23 | |
| 203400528 | Testosterone | The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulated the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. | 24 | |
| 203400529 | Role | A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave | 25 | |
| 203400530 | Gender Role | A set of expected behaviors for males and for females | 26 | |
| 203400531 | Gender Identity | One's sense of being male or female | 27 | |
| 203400532 | Gender-Typing | The acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine role | 28 | |
| 203400533 | Social Learning Theory | The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished | 29 | |
| 203400534 | Gender Schema Theory | The theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly | 30 | |
| 203400535 | Biological Psychology | Branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior | 31 | |
| 203400536 | Neuron | A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system | 32 | |
| 203400537 | Dendrite | The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body | 33 | |
| 203400538 | Axon | The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neuron or to muscles or glands | 34 | |
| 203400539 | Myelin Sheath | A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next | 35 | |
| 203400540 | Action Potential | A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. It is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane | 36 | |
| 203400541 | Threshold | The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse | 37 | |
| 203400542 | Synapse | The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft | 38 | |
| 203400543 | Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse | 39 | |
| 203400544 | Acetylcholine(ACh) | A neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction | 40 | |
| 203400545 | Endorphins | "morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure | 41 | |
| 203400546 | Nervous System | The body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems | 42 | |
| 203400547 | Central Nervous System (CNS) | The brain and spinal chord | 43 | |
| 203400548 | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body | 44 | |
| 203400549 | Nerves | Neural "cables" containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the PNS, connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sensory organs | 45 | |
| 203400550 | Sensory Neurons | Neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system | 46 | |
| 203400551 | Motor Neurons | Neurons that carry outgoing information from the CNS to the muscles and glands | 47 | |
| 203400552 | Interneurons | CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs | 48 | |
| 203400553 | Somatic Nervous System | The division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles Also called the skeletal nervous system | 49 | |
| 203400554 | Autonomic Nervous System | The part of the PNS that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms | 50 | |
| 203400555 | Sympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations | 51 | |
| 203400556 | Parasympathetic Nervous System | The division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving energy | 52 | |
| 203400557 | Reflex | A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response | 53 | |
| 203400558 | Neural Networks | Interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer simulations of these show analogous learning | 54 | |
| 203400559 | Endocrine System | The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream | 55 | |
| 203400560 | Hormones | Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another | 56 | |
| 203400561 | Adrenal Glands | A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys; secrete hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress | 57 | |
| 203400562 | Pituitary Glands | The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands | 58 | |
| 203400563 | Lesion | Tissue destruction; a __ of the brain is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue | 59 | |
| 203400564 | EEG (Electroencephalogram) | An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. | 60 | |
| 203400565 | PET (Position Emission Topography scan) | A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive from of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task | 61 | |
| 203400566 | MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) | A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain | 62 | |
| 203400567 | fMRI (functional MRI) | A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy; it scans show brain function | 63 | |
| 203400568 | Brainstem | The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions | 64 | |
| 203400569 | Medulla | The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing | 65 | |
| 203400570 | Reticular Formation | A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal | 66 | |
| 203400571 | Thalamus | The brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla | 67 | |
| 203400572 | Cerebellum | The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance | 68 | |
| 203400573 | Limbic System | A doughnut shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. | 69 | |
| 203400574 | Amygdala | Two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion | 70 | |
| 203400575 | Hypothalamus | A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion | 71 | |
| 203400576 | Cerebral Cortex | The intricate fabric of the interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center | 72 | |
| 203400577 | Glial Cells | Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons | 73 | |
| 203400578 | Frontal Lobes | The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments | 74 | |
| 203400579 | Parietal Lobes | The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position | 75 | |
| 203400580 | Occipital Lobes | The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual area, which receive visual info from opposite visual field | 76 | |
| 203400581 | Temporal Lobes | The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory info primarily from the opposite ear | 77 | |
| 203400582 | Motor Cortex | An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements | 78 | |
| 203400583 | Sensory Cortex | The area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations | 79 | |
| 203400584 | Association Areas | Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, speaking | 80 | |
| 203400585 | Aphasia | Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's Area (impairing understanding) | 81 | |
| 203400586 | Broca's Area | Controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech | 82 | |
| 203400587 | Wernicke's Area | Controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe | 83 | |
| 203400588 | Plasticity | The brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on effects of experience on brain development | 84 | |
| 203400589 | Corpus Callosum | The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them | 85 | |
| 203400590 | Split Brain | A condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them. | 86 | |
| 203400591 | Dopamine | Drug that influences movements, learning, attention, and emotion | 87 | |
| 203400592 | Serotonin | Drug that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal | 88 | |
| 203400593 | Norepinephrine | Drug that helps control alertness and arousal | 89 | |
| 203400594 | GABA | (gamma-aminobutyric acid) A major inhibitory neurotransmitter | 90 | |
| 203400595 | Glutamate | A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory | 91 |
