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| 142579139 | A. Mitchell Palmer | Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter." | |
| 142579140 | John Dewey | Theory:"Learning through Experience" Dewey is considered the "father" of progressive education practice that promotes individuality, free activity, and learning through experiences, such as project-based learning, cooperative learning, and arts integration activities. He theorized that school is primarily a social institution and a process of living, not an institution to prepare for future living. He believed that schools should teach children to be problem-solvers by helping them learn to think as opposed to helping them learn only the content of a lesson. He also believed that students should be active decision-makers in their education. Dewey advanced the notion that teachers have rights and must have more academic autonomy. | |
| 142579141 | John T. Scopes | a high school teacher who was prosecuted in 1925 for violating a law in Tennessee outlawing the teaching of evolution in public schools and colleges; he was ultimately convicted but his $100 fine was overturned by the state Supreme Court on a legal technicality. "Monkey Trial." Scopes was defended by Clarence Darrow. William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor- made a fool of himself while being cross examined on the bible. The case shows the mockery of the courts- the town wanted a public trial to put their town on the map and bring in money | |
| 142579142 | William Jennings Bryan | This Democratic candidate ran for president most famously in 1896 (and again in 1900). His goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him the support of the Populist Party. Though a gifted orator, he lost the election to Republican William McKinley. He ran again for president and lost in 1900. Later he opposed America's imperialist actions, and in the 1920s, he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and prosecuting attorney in the Scopes Monkey Trial. | |
| 142579143 | Clarence Darrow | A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible. | |
| 142579144 | Andrew Mellon | the Secretary of the Treasury during the Harding Administration. He felt it was best to invest in tax-exempt securities rather than in factories that provided prosperous payrolls. He believed in trickle down economics. (Hamiltonian economics) | |
| 142579145 | Harlem Renaissance | a period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished | |
| 142579146 | Bruce Barton | A founder of the "new profession" of advertising, which used the persuasion ploy, seduction, and sexual suggestion. He was a prominent New York partner in a Madison Avenue firm. He published a best seller in 1925, The Man Nobody Knows, suggesting that Jesus Christ was the greatest ad man of all time. He even praised Christ's "executive ability." He encouraged any advertising man to read the parables of Jesus. | |
| 142579147 | Henry Ford | 1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents. | |
| 142579148 | Frederick W. Taylor | The original "efficiency expert" who, in the book The Principles of Scientific Management from 1911, preached the gospel of efficient management of production time and costs, the proper routing and scheduling of work, standardization of tools and equipment, and the like. | |
| 142579149 | Margaret Sanger | American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. | |
| 142579150 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do). | |
| 142579151 | H.L. Mencken | "Bad Boy of Baltimore", wrote American Mercury where he assailed marriage, patriotism, democracy, prohibition, Rotarians, the middle class, The South, and Puritans. | |
| 142579152 | F. Scott Fitzgerald | a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl. | |
| 142579153 | Ernest Hemingway | Author of "Old Man and the Sea", "The Sun Also Rises", "A Farewell to Arms" and "For whom the Bell Tolls" | |
| 142579154 | Sinclair Lewis | Famous 1920's author who wrote Babbitt and Main Street - presented small town Americans as dull and narrow-minded. | |
| 142579155 | William Faulkner | An author in the 1930s who wrote about the history of lthe deep south, he told the story is an imaginative, fictional way. He wrote "The Sound and the Fury" and "As I Lay Dying". (pg. 743) | |
| 142579156 | Sacco and Vanzetti Case | Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities. | |
| 142579157 | Klu Klux Klan | anti-foreign, -Catholic, -black, -Jewish, -pacifist, -Communist, -internationalist, -evolutionist, -bootlegger, -gambling, -adultery, -birth control; extremist ultraconservatives; 5 million members in mid 1920s; collapses during the late 1920s due to public recoil, embezzlement charges of Klan officials | |
| 142579158 | Emergency Quota Act of 1921 | 1921 legislation that limited immigration to 3% of the people of their nationality living in the US in 1910 | |
| 142579159 | Immigration Act of 1924 | replaced #22 (Emergency Quota Act of 1921), cutting numbers to 2% using the census of 1890, favoring Northern Europeans | |
| 142579160 | Volstead Act | (WW), implemented the 18th Admendment. It established illegal alcohol at above .5%, but then comes the speakeasies | |
| 142579161 | "Birth of a Nation" | Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK. | |
| 142579162 | Warren G. Harding | Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over | |
| 142579163 | Charles Evans Hughes | President Harding's Secretary of state who proposed that the scaled-down navies of America and Britian should enjoy parity in battleships and aircraft-carriers, with Japan on the small end of a 5:5:3 ratio. | |
| 142579164 | Herbert Hoover | He was the head of the Food Administration during World War I. He became the Secretary of Commerce and encouraged businesses to regulate themselves. Hoover was a Republican known for his integrity who won the election of of 1928. He had to deal with the Great Crash of 1929, which caused the Great Depression. He signed the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act. His belief in "rugged individualism" kept him from giving people direct relief during the Great Depression. | |
| 142579165 | Albert B. Fall | He was Secretery of the Interior during Harding's administration, and was a scheming anticonservationist. He was convicted of leasing naval oil reserves and collecting bribes, which was called the Tea Pot Dome scandal. | |
| 142579166 | Harry M. Daugherty | Harding's Attorney Gen. was supposed to prosecute wrong dooers but instead was a big time crook in "Ohio Gang" accused of illegal sale of pardons & liquor permits. Forced to resign but not convicted. | |
| 142579167 | Charles R. Forbes | head of the Veterans Bureau, was caught stealing $200 million from the government, chiefly in connection with the building of veterans' hospitals. | |
| 142579168 | Calvin Coolidge | became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business. | |
| 142579169 | John W. Davis | Democratic convention nominee in 1924 against Coolidge. He was a wealthy lawyer connected with J.P. Morgan and Company. Coolidge easily defeated Davis. | |
| 142579170 | Robert La Follette | The liberal canidate in the 1924 presidential election. His new progressive party called for government ownership of railroads, relief for farmers, reform of monopoly and anti-labor businesses and urged for an amendment that would limit the supreme courts ability to overturn congressional decisions. ( page 755). | |
| 142579171 | Alfred E. Smith | The nominee, by Democrats, in the 1928 election who ran against Herbert Hoover. He was the four-time governor of New York, with a very friendly personality. However, he did not get elected because he was "wet" (during the prohibition movement), a native to New York (too urban/a city slicker), Catholic (most of the nation was Protestant), and he was a descendant of Irish grandparents (a foreign). P. 757 & 758. | |
| 142579172 | Ohio Gang | A group of poker-playing, men that were friends of President Warren Harding. Harding appointed them to offices and they used their power to gain money for themselves. They were involved in scandals that ruined Harding's reputation even though he wasn't involved. | |
| 142579173 | Washington Conference | An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington. Under the leadership of the American Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes the representatives of the USA, Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan pledge not to exceed the designated sizes of their respective naval fleets | |
| 142579174 | Kellog-Briand Pact | International agreement not to use war as an instrument of national policy. | |
| 142579175 | Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law | (1922) A comprehensive bill passed to protect domestic production from foreign competitors. As a direct result, many European nations were spurred to increase their own trade barriers. (803) | |
| 142579176 | Teapot Dome Scandal | Harding's Secertary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall, secretly allowed private interest to lease lands containing U.S. Navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California | |
| 142579177 | McNary-Haugen Bill | - farm proposal from 1924-1928 that sought to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad; government losses were to be made up by a special tax on farmers; Congress twice passed the bill, but Coolidge twice vetoed it; farm prices stayed down and farmers' political temperances stayed high (779) | |
| 142579178 | Dawes Plan | A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success. | |
| 142579179 | Hawley-Smoot Tariff | It was a tariff passed in 1930 that was designed to assist farmers. Unfortunately as it worked its way through the government it acquired about 1,000 amendments, causing it to become of the highest protective tariffs in peacetime history. It ticked of foreigners and appeared as economic warfare. It furthered the depression and through America ever deeper into its economic isolationism. Page 759-760. | |
| 142579180 | Black Tuesday | October 29, 1929; the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929 | |
| 142579181 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation | independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932. It was modeled after the War Finance Corporation of World War I. The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, farm mortgage associations, and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid. It was continued by the New Deal and played a major role in handling the Great Depression in the United States and setting up the relief programs that were taken over by the New Deal in 1933 | |
| 142579182 | Bonus Army | Unemployed World War I veterans who came to Washington in the spring of 1932 to demand the immediate payment of the bonus congress had voted them in 1922. The veterans were forcibly removed from Anacostia Flats by federal troops under the command of Douglas MacArthur. | |
| 142579183 | Hoover Stimson Doctrine | This said that the United States would not recognize any territorial acquisitions that were taken over by force. (This doctrine is related to Japanese aggression in Manchuria in 1931) | |
| 142579184 | Federal Housing Authority | An organization set up by Roosevelt to speed economic recovery and create better homes. The FHA was to stimulate the building industry by small loans to householders, both for improving their dwellings and for completing new ones. It proved to be one of the most popular agencies of the Roosevelt era. (p 788) | |
| 142579185 | Alfred M. Landon | The governor of Kansas, chosen candidate for the Republicans in the campaign of 1936. A moderate who accepted some New Deal Reforms, but not the Social Security Act. His loss to FDR was mainly because he never appealed to the "forgotten man". (792) | |
| 142579186 | Keynsian Economics | the idea that governments can manipulate macroeconomic demand through taxation and spending policies in order to foster stable growth | |
| 142579187 | New Deal | the legislative and administrative program of President F. D. Roosevelt designed to promote economic recovery and social reform during the 1930s; also : the period of this program | |
| 142579188 | Brain Trusts | Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression | |
| 142579189 | Franklin D. Roosevelt | often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. | |
| 142579190 | Eleanor Roosevelt | "Conscience of the New Deal" and "Champion of the Dispossessed" | |
| 142579191 | Harry Hopkins | A New York social worker who headed the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Civil Works Administration. He helped grant over 3 billion dollars to the states wages for work projects, and granted thousands of jobs for jobless Americans. p778 | |
| 142579192 | Frances Perkins | U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. | |
| 142579193 | Father Coughlin | Catholic priest in Michigan (1930) slogan of Social Justice, anti New Deal, anti semitic, fascist. had a popular radio show. he called for heavy taxes on the wealthy and nationalization of the banking system | |
| 142579194 | Huey Long | As senator in 1932 of Washington preached his "Share Our Wealth" programs. It was a 100% tax on all annual incomes over $1 million and appropriation of all fortunes in excess of $5 million. With this money Long proposed to give every American family a comfortable income, etc | |
| 142579195 | Francis Townshend | a doctor who attracted millions of senior citizens with his plan that each citzen over the age of 60 would recieve $200 a month | |
| 142579196 | Harold Ickes | Secretary of the interior who headed the Public Works Administration, which aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways | |
| 142579197 | George W. Norris | Norris sponsored the Tennessee Valley Authority Act of 1933. In appreciation, the TVA Norris Dam and a new planned city in Tennessee were named after him.[1][2] Norris was also the prime Senate mover behind the Rural Electrification Act that brought electrical service to under-served and unserved rural areas across the United States. | |
| 142579198 | John L. Lewis | United Mine Workers, created congress of Industrial Organization [ CIO ] - helped create industrial unions | |
| 142579199 | Three R's | Relief, Recovery , & Reform | |
| 142579200 | Glass-Steagall Act | established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and included banking reforms, some of which were designed to control speculation.; were both reactions of the U.S. government to cope with the economic problems which followed the Stock Market Crash of 1929. | |
| 142579201 | Civilian Conservation Corps | Relief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks | |
| 142579202 | Works Progress Administration | May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project. | |
| 142579203 | National Recovery Act | (FDR) 1933, focused on the employment of the unemployed and the regulation of unfair business ethics. The NIRA pumped cash into the economy to stimulate the job market and created codes that businesses were to follow to maintain the ideal of fair competition and created the NRA, established Public Works Administration and National Recovery Administration to help economic recovery from Great Depression; NRA was ruled unconstitutional in Schechter Poultry v. US | |
| 142579204 | Tennessee Valley Authority | (FDR) 1933, , A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil. | |
| 142579205 | Social Security Act of 1935 | The Social Security Act of 1935 provided for federal-state unemployment insurance. To provide security for old age, specified categories of retired workers were to receive regular payments from Washington. Republicans were strongly opposed to Social Security. Social Security was inspired by the example of some of the more highly industrialized nations of Europe. In an urbanized economy, the government was now recognizing its responsibility for the welfare of its citizens. | |
| 142579206 | Wagner Act | 1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands. | |
| 142579207 | National Labor Relation Board | continues to act as a mediator in labor disputes between unions and employers | |
| 142579208 | Congress of Industrial Organizations | Orginially began as a group of unskilled workers who organized themselves into effective unions. As there popularity grew they came known for the revolutionary idea of the "sit down strike", there efforts lead to the passage of the Fair Labor Standard Act and the organization continued to thrive under the New Deal.( page 790-791) | |
| 142579209 | Liberty League | They were a group of wealthy consevatives who had organized in 1934 to fight "socialistic" new deal schemes. This group echoed Hoover's thoughts about Roosevelt's New Deal program. P. 792. | |
| 142579210 | Twentieth Amendment | shortened the time between the election and inauguration day, also called the "Lame Duck Amendment," it changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year. | |
| 142579211 | Twenty-first Amendment | repealed prohibition | |
| 142579213 | Court-Packing Scheme | Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937, frequently called the Court-packing Bill, was a law proposed by United States President Franklin Roosevelt. While the bill contained many provisions, the most notorious one (which led to the name "Court-packing Bill") would have allowed the President the power to appoint an extra Supreme Court Justice for every sitting Justice over the age of 70½. | |
| 142579214 | The London Conference | 1933 conference; 66 nations; hoped to organize a global attack on the depression and to stabilize various nation's currencies; FDR considered sending a delegation, feared stabilization of American currency might undermine his inflationary practices; did not send a delegation, resulting in its adjournment | |
| 142579215 | Four Freedoms | Freedom of Speech, Religion, Want, from Fear; used by FDR to justify a loan for Britain, if the loan was made, the protection of these freedoms would be ensured | |
| 142579216 | Good Neighbor Policy | Franklin Roosevelt described his foreign policy as that of a "good neighbor." The phrase came to be used to describe the U.S. attitude toward the countries of Latin America. Under Roosevelt's "Good Neighbor Policy," the U.S. took the lead in promoting good will among these nations. | |
| 142579217 | Neutrality Acts | Originally designed to avoid American involvement in World War II by preventing loans to those countries taking part in the conflict; they were later modified in 1939 to allow aid to Great Britain and other Allied nations. | |
| 142579218 | Nye Committee | investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of World War I. Claimed they had caused America's entry into WWI. Public opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to keep us out of WWII. | |
| 142579219 | Panay Incident | (FDR) Dec. 12, 1937, The Panay incident was when Japan bombed a American gunboat that was trying to help Americans overseas. This greatly strained U.S-Japanese relations and pushed the U.S further away from isolationism even though Japan apologized. | |
| 142579220 | Lend-Lease Act | U.S. policy before the U.S. enters W.W. II in December, 1941 in which the U.S. provided war materials to the Allies fighting the Axis powers. Shows that in the period 1939-1941 the U.S. was moving away from its policy of neutrality. | |
| 142579221 | Atlantic Charter | 1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war | |
| 142579222 | Pearl Harbor | (FDR) , 1941 United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. | |
| 142579223 | Executive Order 9066 | An order signed by FDR that allowed the secretary of war to declare some areas of the U.S. as military zones. What it really did was clear the way for internment of Japanese Americans. | |
| 142579224 | Korematsu v. U.S. | 1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 2 each survivor | |
| 142579225 | Office of Price Administration | Instituted in 1942, this agency was in charge of stabilizing prices and rents and preventing speculation, profiteering, hoarding and price administration. The OPA froze wages and prices and initiated a rationing program for items such as gas, oil, butter, meat, sugar, coffee and shoes in order to support the war effort and prevent inflation. | |
| 142579226 | Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act | June 1943; passed by Congress because of threats of lost production through strikes; authorized fed. govt to operate tied-up businesses (coal mines & railroads) | |
| 142579227 | WAAC | Womens Ausxilary Army Corps-women served in non combat positions(nurses, pilots) eventually same benefits as men | |
| 142579228 | Rosie the Riveter | A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. | |
| 142579229 | Bracero Program | a series of laws and diplomatic agreements, initiated by an August 1942 exchange of diplomatic notes between the United States and Mexico, for the importation of temporary contract laborers from Mexico to the United States. | |
| 142579230 | CORE | an organization founded by James Leonard Farmer in 1942 to work for racial equality | |
| 142579231 | Douglas MacArthur | United States general who served as chief of staff and commanded Allied forces in the South Pacific during World War II | |
| 142579232 | Dwight Eisenhower | United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy and the defeat of Nazi Germany | |
| 142579233 | Chester Nimitz | Nimitz served as an Admiral in the Battle of Midway in 1942. He commanded the American fleet in the Pacific Ocean and learned the Japanese plans through "magic" decoding of their radio messages. With this intercepted information, Nimitz headed the Japanese off and defeated them. | |
| 142579234 | Battle of Midway | U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. | |
| 142579235 | D-Day | June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II. | |
| 142579236 | Hiroshima | City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797) | |
| 142579237 | Nagasaki | site of 2nd Atomic Bomb, killing 40,000+ Japanease citizens |
