vocab and main points
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| 307467786 | digestive system | main components: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus main functions: food processing ( ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination) | |
| 307467787 | circulatory system | main components: heart, blood vessels, blood main functions: internal distribution of materials | |
| 307467788 | respiratory system | main components: lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes main functions: gas exchange ( uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide) | |
| 307467789 | immune and lymphatic systems | main components: bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen lymph vessels, white blood cells main functions: body defense ( fighting infections and cancer) | |
| 307467790 | excretory system | main components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra main functions: disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood | |
| 307467791 | endocrine system | main components: pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands main function: coordination of body activities ( such as digestion and metabolism) | |
| 307467792 | reproductive system | main components: ovaries or testes and associated organs main functions: reproduction | |
| 307467793 | nervous system | main components: brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs main functions: coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of response to them | |
| 307467794 | integumentary system | main components: skin and its derivatives ( such as hair claws, skin, glands) main functions: protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation | |
| 307467795 | skeletal system | main components: skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage) main functions: body support, protection of internal organs, movement | |
| 307467796 | muscular system | main components: skeletal muscles main functions: locomotion and other movement | |
| 307467797 | What are the four main types of animal tissues? | epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous | |
| 307655274 | epithelial tissue | +covers outside of the body +"epi" means above or outside +lines organs and cavities inside the body +occur in sheets +come in a variety of shapes or different morphologies | |
| 307655275 | pseudostratified columnar epithelium | +ex: respiratory tract ( found in trachea); forms mucous membrane +pseudo means false, stratified means layers, ciliated means cilia on the surface, columnar means columns +different morphology ( morphology directly related to its function) | |
| 307655276 | stratified squamous epithelium | +multilayered +regenerates rapidly +sloughs off regularly +truly stratified ( flat elongated) +ex: outer skin; mouth; esophagus, vagina, anus | |
| 307655277 | simple squamous epithelium | +very thin for diffusion, allows for diffusion of oxygen +plate-like +ex: blood vessels; air sacs of lungs | |
| 307655278 | simple columnar epithelium | +found where absorption or secretion occurs +ex: intestines | |
| 307655279 | cuboidal epithelium | +found where secretion goes on +dice-shaped cells +ex: kidneys tubules, glands | |
| 307655280 | apical | up-side of epithelial cells | |
| 307655281 | basal | down-side of epithelial cells | |
| 307655282 | What are the functions of epithelial cells? | tight junction prevents infections, fluid loss, and mechanical injury | |
| 307655283 | What are the 6 types of connective tissue? | Loose connective tissue, cartilage connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, blood, bone | |
| 307655284 | connective tissue | binds and supports other tissues in the body | |
| 307655285 | loose connective tissue | +most widespread in vertebrate body +binds epithelia (plural) to underlying tissue +holds organs in place | |
| 307655286 | cartilage connective tissue | +made up of collagenous fibers ( cartilage ) +embedded in rubbery matrix called chondroitin sulfate +provides support in embryonic stage until it is replaced by bone +ex: ear and nose= adult | |
| 307655287 | fiberous connective tissue | +made of dense collagenous fibers ( collagen only found in animals) +form parallel bundles for non-elastic strength +found in tendons and ligaments | |
| 307655288 | tendons | connect muscles to bones | |
| 307655289 | ligaments | connect bones to joints | |
| 307655290 | adipose connective tissue | +specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat +stores fat in adipose cells (mammals have a layer of fat under the skin, will not be found in invertebrates, on animals as soon as you cut the skin you see yellow that's adipose tissue) +pads and insulates the body +stores fat for fuel ( like a storage unit) +fat has more energy than protein or carbohydrates ( higher energy, higher calories) | |
| 307655291 | blood | +type of connective tissue +liquid matrix= plasma | |
| 307655292 | plasma | +water +salts +dissolved protein +red blood cells +white blood cells +platelets (proteins involved in clotting) | |
| 307655293 | erythrocytes | red blood cells | |
| 307655294 | leukocytes | white blood cells | |
| 307655295 | bone | +type of connective tissue +mineralized connective tissue +provides skeletal support +production of immune cells ( b and t cells, antibodies) | |
| 307655296 | muscle tissue | +responsible for all types of body movement ( not just muscles in arms and legs, muscles that help to eat, heart, ) +all muscles are filamentous : actin and myosin +all muscles have to contract +3 types of muscles: skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle ( morphologically distinct) | |
| 307655297 | What are the three types of muscle tissue? | skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle | |
| 309303557 | skeletal muscle | +has striation +attached to bone +function: voluntary conscious movement | |
| 309303558 | cardiac muscle | +has striation +forms muscle wall of the heart +function: involuntary or unconscious movement | |
| 309303559 | smooth muscle | +no striation +found in intestines, internal organs , arteries, urinary bladder +function: involuntary movement | |
| 309303560 | nervous tissue | +made up of nerve cells +has ability to sense stimuli and then transmit information to the rest of the body +ex: brain is a concentration of nervous tissue | |
| 309303561 | How are tissue/ organs/ organ systems controlled? How do they function or not function? | +via chemical signals +two types of chemical signals in animal body: endocrine ( hormonal system) and nervous or neuronal system +two communication methods in the body based on chemicals | |
| 309303562 | endocrine system | +different hormones cause different effects (specific reaction) +endocrine cell receives stimulus, releases hormone, circulatory system takes signal to site needed , some cells react and respond depending on the receptor +hormones are very specific and recognized by specific cells + response limited to cells that have that receptor +general distribution, have long lasting effect | |
| 309303563 | nervous system | +nerve impulse travels down axon in a relay race, until it reaches the target, causes cells to respond to stimulus +very targeted, not broadcast throughout the whole body +response limited by physical connections of cells connected to the end of the axon of the neuron +fast acting may not have a long effect | |
| 309303564 | What are the 4 types of cells that directly receive nerve signals? | endocrine cells=regulate body within through hormones exocrine cells=regulate body by secreting to outside, ex: sweat glands, salivary glands, gastric glands muscle cell, and other neurons | |
| 309340800 | endocrine vs. nervous | endocrine: +gradual changes in body: growth and development, reproduction, metabolic process, and digestion nervous: +immediate rapid target, fast locomotion, fast behavior or reaction | |
| 309340801 | What are factors of controlling their bodies physical parameters? | +temperature, salinity (solute concentration), and pH | |
| 309340802 | conformer | +allow its body to match or parallel to environment conditions, ex: poikilotherm, fish | |
| 309340803 | regulator | +uses internal controls to maintain internal levels even when external levels fluctuate, ex: homeotherm, otter | |
| 309340804 | pokilotherm | +animal that varies body temperature with environment | |
| 309340805 | homeotherm | constant temperature in response to environment | |
| 309340806 | Does it take more energy and effort to conform or to regulate? | +more effort to regulate then to conform , takes more energy as well | |
| 309340807 | Can an animal be a conformer for one trait and a regulator for a different trait? | yes | |
| 310536480 | homeostasis | + a steady state + a way for a physiological system to maintain body's internal balance in terms of temperature, pH and solute concentration | |
| 310536481 | How does homeostasis come about? | + by feedback loops, mainly negative feedback groups | |
| 310536482 | What are the two types of feed back loops? | +positive and negative | |
| 310536483 | What are the 3 main ingredients do you need in a feedback group? | +set point +sensor +effector | |
| 310536484 | set point | +where I want to be +any deviation from set point is stimulus (triggers a response, it's a range of variables that are higher or lower than the set point) | |
| 310536485 | negative feedback loop | +have a stimulus, effector/ response wants to be opposite the stimulus | |
| 310536486 | sensor | +asks me am I where I want to be? or not? + a meter that measure/detects the stimulus ( external or cause the body to change) | |
| 310536487 | effector | +responds to sensor to reach a set point again +causes a change ( effect or response is always opposite the stimulus in negative feed back) | |
| 310536488 | positive feedback loop | +response to stimulus is amplification of the stimulus +ex: pregnant women giving birth | |
| 310536489 | Would you find ectotherms in extreme temperatures such as deserts and polar caps? | no | |
| 310536490 | types of endotherms | + birds, mammals, some non-avian reptiles, some fishes, many insects | |
| 310536491 | ectotherms | +most non-avian reptiles, many fishes, most invertebrates | |
| 310536492 | What are the 4 physical/ environmental processes of heat transfer that contribute to thermoregulation? | +radiation +conduction +convection +evaporation | |
| 310536493 | how do you get warm or cold? | +you get cold when heat is leaving you +you get warm when heat is coming towards you | |
| 310536494 | radiation | +heat transfer between the heat source and the animal without any physical touching +ex: the lizard is not touching the sun, sun is warming lizard | |
| 310536495 | conduction | +animals is getting heat by physically touching the heat source +ex: laundry from the dryer | |
| 310536496 | convection | +air or liquid is transferring heat away or to the body +physically touching the animal +ex: sitting under a heater that blows hot air, jacuzzi with warm water flowing, convection oven blowing warm air on food | |
| 310536497 | If I am touching a cold object, which direction is the heat transfer going in? | +into the object, I'm not getting cold from object, object is gaining heat from me | |
| 310536498 | evaporation | +removal of heat away (of an object or animal) from surface or a liquid going from liquid to gas phase, has a cooling effect +ex: panting, sweating, breathing | |
| 312653575 | Thermoregulation | 3 parts: insulation, circulatory system, counter current heat exchange | |
| 312653576 | insulation | (mammals and birds), reduces flow of heat between animal and environment ex: hair/fur, fat, feathers, blubber (found in marine animals) | |
| 312653577 | Do animals with blubber have to eat as much as other mammals? | no, blubber is very effective at keeping the body at 97-100 degrees F, takes less energy to keep warm | |
| 312653578 | Circulatory system's role in thermoregulation | +blood is warm +comes from the core +because its warm you can consider it as a source of heat +it is also a source of heat transfer between the interior of the body and exterior of the body +animal can control blood flow between core and surface of body | |
| 312653579 | How can an animal regulate using the circulatory system? | +vasodilation +vasoconstriction | |
| 312653580 | vasodilation | +vaso=vessel +dilation=to dilate +"vessel dilation" +to dilate or expand the vessels through heat lose (cool down) +happens near the surface of the skin when temperatures are warmer +ex: blushing +heat lose= heat transferring away via radiation, conduction, or convecting +normal diameter gets bigger, more blood flow | |
| 312653581 | vasoconstriction | +opposite of vasodilation +vessel constriction +to conserve core heat +normal diameter gets smaller, less blood flow +happens near surface | |
| 312653582 | counter current heat exchange | +blood flows in opposite direction, antiparallel arrangement of blood vessels +maximizes heat transfer,applies mainly to regulators +blood is warmest in the core +heat from blood vessel radiates outward +artery: oxygenated blood flows outward +blood is continuously flowing and comes back through the veins and warms up the blood through radiation heat transfer +always a gradient (one tube warms another) | |
| 312653583 | What is the coldest part of the body due to counter current heat exchange? | +at the end of extremities +ex:fingertips coolest at extremities | |
| 312653584 | Why can't it be co-current instead of counter current heat exchange? | +there will be heat transfers, but it will reach equilibrium | |
| 312653585 | Is it critical for the core to maintain a regular temperature? | yes, if someone fell in a icy river they put them in a warm bath to heat up extremities, if cold blood reaches the core it will cool down due to vasoconstriction, it could possibly kill them | |
| 312653586 | Where do vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and counter current heat exchange take place? | near the surface of the body; skin | |
| 312653587 | Thermogenesis | +heat generation =shivering through muscle movement =types of animals that shiver: insects, mammals, birds, non-avian reptiles? =non-shivering increase in mitochondria activity resulting in heat not ATP | |
| 312653588 | What are some other ways to thermoregulate? | Thermogenesis, behavioral responses | |
| 312653589 | What types of animals shiver? | insects, mammals, birds, non-avian reptiles? | |
| 312653590 | What types of animals don't shiver? | some mammals | |
| 312653591 | what is brown fat? | +specialized fat for the rapid production of heat, not adipose tissue conserving energy, it's brown in color +Ex: some mammals including humans have it, its usually found in the neck area and between the shoulders | |
| 312653592 | what are the 3 types of thermogenesis? | shivering, non-shivering, brown fat | |
| 312653593 | Behavioral responses | +seeking shade/ seeking sun (ectotherms and endotherms) +huddling with other individuals to warm up (conduction) or fanning to cool down +migration (geographic region to another) | |
| 312653594 | torpor | +reduction in animal activity +animal has metabolism that requires energy +if temperatures are too low or too high , animal slows down its metabolism ( can still undergo homeostasis, body doesn't lose control) Ex: dessert animals active at night vs. daytime, bird that shivers (can happen at either temperature extreme) +special type of torpor is called hibernation | |
| 312653595 | hibernation | extended form of torpor | |
| 312653596 | acclimatization | +adapting to different climates +not a form of homeostasis, but it effects homeostasis +not immediate +temporary physiological changes in body, not evolutionary changes, changes set point +ex: populations at high altitudes | |
| 312653597 | 4 examples of changing set point | 1: increase in elevation=reduced lung capacity (body forces itself to breathe less oxygen) 2: moving toward a warmer or to a cooler habitat (body gets accustom to it) 3: endotherms have seasonal changes (thick or thin coats for animals depending on season) 4: ectotherms: can make anti-freeze components when needed (ex:polar bear or fish) | |
| 312653598 | Different enzyme variants are optimal at? | different temperatures | |
| 312653599 | Ectotherms can do what to their unsaturated and saturated lipids? | +they can change the proportions, lipid membrane allows the cell to be flexible (to keep cell membrane fluid in colder temperatures) +ex:butter, when cold cells solidify and cracks,when optimal cells are liquified |
