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| 307696799 | Ottoman Empire | Turkic empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending throughout Middle East; responsible for conquest of Constantinople and end of Byzantine Empire in 1453; succeeded Seljuk Turks following retreat of Mongols. | |
| 307696800 | Safavid | Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory and established kingdom in regions equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722 | |
| 307696801 | Mughal Empire | Established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in first decades of 18th century. | |
| 307696802 | Mehmed II | Ottoman sultan called the "conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire | |
| 307696803 | Janissaries | Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century. | |
| 307696804 | Sail al-Din | Early 14th century Sufi mystic; began campaign to purify Islam; first member of Safavid dynasty | |
| 307696805 | Red Heads | Name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear. | |
| 307696806 | Isma'il | Sufi commander who conquered city of Tabriz in 1501; first Safavid to be proclaimed shah or emperor. | |
| 307696807 | Chaldiran | Site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked western advance of Safavid empire | |
| 307696808 | Abbas the Great | Safavid ruler from 1587 to 1629; extended Safavid domain to greatest extent; created slave regiments based on captured Russians, who monopolized firearms with in Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology. | |
| 307696809 | Isfahan | Safavid capital under Abbas the Great; planned city laid out according to shah's plan; example of Safavid architecture | |
| 307696810 | Imams | According to Shi'ism, rulers who could trace descent from the successors of Ali | |
| 307696811 | Nadir Khan Afshar | Soldier-adventurer following fall of Safavid dynasty in 1722; proclaimed himself shah in 1736; established short-lived dynasty in reduced kingdom. | |
| 307696812 | Humayan | Son and successor of Babur; expelled from India in 1540, but restored Mughal rule by 1556; died shortly thereafter | |
| 307696813 | Akbar | Son and successor of Humayan; oversaw building of military and administrative systems that became typical of Mughal rule in India; pursued policy of cooperation with Hindu princes; attempted to create new religions to bind Muslim and Hindu populations of India | |
| 307696814 | Babur | Founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasions of Indian in 1526; died in 1530. | |
| 307696815 | Din-i-Ilahi | Religion initiated by Akbar in Mughal India; blended elements of the many faiths of the subcontinent; key to efforts to reconcile Hindus and Muslims in India, but failed. | |
| 307696816 | Aurangzeb | Son and successor of Shah Jahan in Mughal India; determined to extend Mughal control over whole of subcontinent; wished to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare exhausted empire despite military successes; died in 1707 | |
| 307696817 | Taj Mahal | Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan; Mumtaz Mahal. | |
| 307696818 | Nur Jahan | Wife of Jahangir; amassed power in court and created faction of male relatives who dominated mughal empire during later years of Jahangir's reign. | |
| 307696819 | Mumtaz Mahal | Wife of Shah Jahan; took an active political role in Mughal court; entombed in Taj Mahal | |
| 307696820 | Marattas | Western India peoples who rebelled against Mughal control early in 18th century | |
| 307696821 | Sikhs | Sect in northwest India early leaders tried to bridge differences between Hindu and Muslim, but Mughal persecution led to anti-Muslim feeling. | |
| 307696822 | Caravel | Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia. | |
| 307696823 | Asian sea trading network | Prior to intervention of Europeans, consisted of three zones: Arab zone based on glass. carpets. and tapestries; India based on cotton textiles; China based on paper. porcelain, and silks | |
| 307696824 | Ormuz | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located at southern end of Persian gulf; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network. | |
| 307696825 | Goa | Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on western India coast; site for forcible entry into Asian sea trade network | |
| 307696826 | Batavia | Dutch fortress located after 1620 on the island of Java | |
| 307696827 | Dutch trading empire | The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products | |
| 307696828 | Mindanao | Southern island of Philippines; a Muslim kingdom that was able to successfully resist Spanish conquest. | |
| 307696829 | Luzon | Northern island of Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560's site of major Catholic missionary effort. | |
| 307696830 | Hongwu | First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage; original name Zhu Yuanzhang; drove out Mongol influence; restored position of scholar-gentry. | |
| 307696831 | Macao | One of two ports in which Europeans were permitted to trade in China during the Ming dynasty. | |
| 307696832 | Canton | One of two port cities in which Europeans were permitted to trade in china during the Ming dynasty. | |
| 307696833 | Chongzhen | Last of the Ming emperors; committed suicide in 1644 in the face of a Jurchen capture of the Forbidden City at Beijing. | |
| 307696834 | Nobunaga | Japanese daimyo; first to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed lat of Ashikaga shoguns unified much of central Honshu under his command | |
| 307696835 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Founded in 1603 when Tokugawa leyasu was made shogun by Japanese emperor; ended the civil wars and brought political unity to Japan. | |
| 307696836 | Deshima | Island in Nagasaki Bay; only port open to non-Japanese after closure of the islands in the 1640s; only Chinese and Dutch ships were permitted to enter | |
| 307696837 | School of National Learning | New ideology that laid emphasis on Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Chinese imports such as Confucianism; typical of Japan in 18th century. | |
| 307696838 | Edo | Tokugawa capital city; modern-day Tokyo; center of the Tokugawa Shogunate | |
| 307696839 | Ottomans | Turkic people who advanced from strongholds in Asia Minor during 1350s; conquered large part of Balkans; unified under Mehmed I; captured Constantinople in 1453; established empire from Balkans that included most of Arab world |
