Terms : Hide Images
| 357663338 | Neolithic Revolution/Agricultural Revolution | the period of transition from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles | 0 | |
| 357663339 | Civilization | begins forming when a food surplus allows for a specialization of labor, resulting in the formation of complex economic, governmental, and religious structures to help keep things as predictable and orderly as possible | 1 | |
| 357663340 | Bronze Age | the latter part of the neolithic era characterized by the development of bronze from the combination of tin and copper | 2 | |
| 357663341 | city states | many early civilizations made up of these, urban areas and the surrounding agricultural land under their control | 3 | |
| 357663342 | Mesopotamia | early civilization(s) between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, lasting from about 3000 BC until defeat by the Persian empire | 4 | |
| 357663343 | cuneiform | form of writing developed by the Sumerians in early mesopotamia | 5 | |
| 357663344 | Sumerian Civilization | earliest Mesopotamian civilization, rose in the southern part of mesopotamia | 6 | |
| 357663345 | Polytheistic | worshiping more than one god, most ancient belief systems | 7 | |
| 357663346 | Ziggurats | temples built by the Sumerians to appease angry gods, similar to Mayan and Egyptian pyramids | 8 | |
| 357663347 | Akkad | city state north of Sumer which rose to power with Sumer's decline | 9 | |
| 357663348 | Babylon | Mesopotamian city state that overran Akkad by 1700 BC | 10 | |
| 357663349 | Code of Hammurabi | extensive code of laws developed by king Hammurabi of Babylon, huge step towards modern codes of law | 11 | |
| 357663350 | Hittites | became an ancient military superpower because of their use of iron for weapons, invaded Babylon and dominated it by 1500 BC | 12 | |
| 357663351 | Assyrians | learned to use iron after being defeated by the Hittites, and subsequently use iron weapons to defeat the Hittites and develop an empire, eventually defeated by the Medes and Chaldeans | 13 | |
| 357663352 | Niniveh | the capital of the Assyrian empire | 14 | |
| 357663353 | Nebuchadnezzar | Chaldean king who rebuilt Babylon as a showplace of architecture and culture | 15 | |
| 357663354 | The Persian Empire | by 500 BC stretched from beyond Nile river valley in Egypt around the eastern Mediterranean through present day Turkey and Greece, and then eastward to present day Afghanistan | 16 | |
| 357663355 | Great Royal Road | largest road in the Persian Empire, stretched some 1600 miles from the Persian Gulf to the Aegean sea. | 17 | |
| 357663356 | Lydians | smaller society within the Persian empire that came up with the idea of coined money | 18 | |
| 357663357 | Phonecians | smaller society w/in Persian empire who developed powerful naval city states around the Mediterranean and invented the first simple phonetic alphabet | 19 | |
| 357663358 | Hebrews | smaller society w/in Persian empire significant because of their belief in Judaism which was the first monotheistic religion, established Israel and Palestine on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean by 1000 BC | 20 | |
| 357663359 | Egyptian Civilization | developed in the Nile river valley b/c the soil was rich | 21 | |
| 357707553 | King Menes | united the NIle river valley prior to the Old Kingdom of Egypt, built capital @ Memphis and led organized efforts to control floodwaters (drainage/irrigation systems) | 22 | |
| 357707554 | Pharaohs | egyptian rulers that directed huge construction projects | 23 | |
| 357707555 | hieroglyphics | Egyptian writing system in which pictures represent letters and words | 24 | |
| 357707556 | Queen Hatshepsut of Egypt | first known female ruler in history, ruled for 22 yrs during the new kingdom | 25 | |
| 357707557 | Indus valley civilization | civilization in the Indus river valley that was partially isolated from other civilizations by mountains to the north and west, known for it's excellent industry | 26 | |
| 357707558 | Khyber pass | a gap in the Hindu Kush mountains that provided the Indus river valley civilization access to the rest of the world but was also a gateway for invaders | 27 | |
| 357707559 | Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | major cities of the Indus Valley civilization, enormous by ancient standards | 28 | |
| 361916154 | Aryans | Nomadic tribes from the Caucasus mtns that invaded the indus valley civilizations in 1500 BC | 29 | |
| 361916155 | Vedas and Upanishads | the recorded polytheistic beliefs of the Aryans, which led to the development of Hinduism | 30 | |
| 361916156 | Hinduism | evolved from aryan polytheistic beliefs; the ethnic religion of India | 31 | |
| 361916157 | Caste System | based on the rigid Aryan social structure; divided into three classes (from top to bottom: Warriors, Priests, Peasants); became an element of Hindu culture, and later a middle class of landowners and merchants developed and priests became the top class. | 32 | |
| 361916158 | Brahmans | the revised priest class in the caste system who were moved to the top over warriors because they were believed to be closer to the gods | 33 | |
| 361916159 | Shang China | rose in the Yellow river valley, earliest Chinese civilization, controlled large parts of northern China at it's peak; existed from 1600 to 1100 BC; limited outside world contact except w/ mesopotamia | 34 | |
| 361916160 | Patriarchal | society led by the eldest males of each household, inheritence and name passed down from eldest son to eldest son, etc... | 35 | |
| 361916161 | Zhou Dynasty | replaced Shang Dynasty in 1100 BC, kept most customs and traditions of Shang dynasty, ruled for 900 yrs, longer than any other chinese dynasty, developed feudal system, eventually collapsed b/c of warfare between kingdoms | 36 | |
| 361916162 | bureaucracies | government tasks organized by dept or "bureau"; helps diff parts of gov. specialize and stabilize. | 37 | |
| 361916163 | Bantu | language family which can be traced from the Niger and Benue rivers in West Africa to South central and East central africa because of the Bantu Migrations | 38 | |
| 361916164 | Bantu Migrations | began in 1500 BC and continued for about 2000 yrs; said to be spurred by climate change in the Sahara region; people moved to central africa and adopten sedentary lifestyle in a stateless society | 39 | |
| 361916165 | Jenne-Jeno | believed to be the first city in sub saharan Africa; populated by Bantu speakers who stayed put; although urban and developed, did not adopt hierarchical society | 40 | |
| 361916166 | Olmec | early civilization from 1200-1400 BC in Mexico; urban society built oncorn,beans,and squash surpluses; polytheistic, large building projects, and developed calendar and writing systems; developed independently of any other civilizations | 41 | |
| 361916167 | Chavin | early civilization from 900 to 300 BC in the Andes; urban society w/ large building projects, polytheistic beliefs, used llamas as beasts of burden, developed metallurgy, developed independently of any other civilization | 42 | |
| 361916168 | Mayan Civilization | dominated southern Mexico and Central America from 300 BC to 800 AD, city states under one king, religious warfare for human sacrafice victims and human labor. | 43 | |
| 361916169 | Tikal | HUGE Mayan city, most important Mayan political center, may have been populated by over 100,000 ppl | 44 | |
| 361916170 | Chichen Itza | Mayan built tiered temple similar to Mesopotamian ziggurats and Egyptian pyramids | 45 | |
| 361916171 | Mauryan Empire | developed in northern India in 321 BC (just after Alexander's visit) largest Indian empire to date, became wealthy because of trade with Rome and military force; declined in 232 BC b/c of invasions from the north and economic issues | 46 | |
| 361916172 | Chandragupta Maurya | unified smaller Aryan kingdoms into the Mauryan Empire | 47 | |
| 361916173 | Ashoka Maurya | Chandragupta's grandson, took Mauryan empire to it's peak, converted to buddhism b/c of remorse for military violence in Kalinga, and preached non-violence and moderation for the rest of his reign, spread buddhism throughout India | 48 | |
| 361916174 | Rock and Pillar edicts | edicts carved by Ashoka Maurya on rocks and pillars encouraging generous and righteous lives | 49 | |
| 361916175 | Chandra Gupta | founder of the Gupta Empire in India | 50 | |
| 361916176 | Gupta Empire | followed Mauryan Empire from 375 to 415 AD, more decentralized and smaller than Mauryan, dveloped concept of pi and zero; Hinduism was dominant; totally collapsed under pressure fro White Huns in 550 AD | 51 | |
| 361916177 | Arabic numerals | decimal system based on #'s 1-9, developed in Gupta India then diffused to Arabs | 52 | |
| 361916178 | Qin Dynasty | emerged as dominant state from inter-kingdom warfare following Zhou dynasty, ruled for little over a decade, incredibly unified and standardized everything, organized | 53 | |
| 361931885 | Great Wall of China | multitude of seperate fortification walls that were united as a single huge wall during the Qin dynasty | 54 | |
| 361931886 | Qin Shihuangdi | Qin ruler who recentralized the Zhou dynasty's feudal kingdoms and standardized laws, currency, weights, measures, and systems of writing in the empire, refused to tolerate any dissent, fell b/c of peasant revolts | 55 | |
| 361931887 | Legalism | dominant belief in China beginning with the Qin dynasty, basically assumes that all people ar bad and unruly by nature and need strict laws to keep them in line, tempered with confucianist ideals later on | 56 | |
| 361931888 | Han dynasty | existed in china from abou 200 BC to 200AD, trade thrived along silk road, civil service exams made it a meritocracy w/ skilled bureaucracy | 57 | |
| 361931889 | Xiongnu | nomadic tribe from Northern asia believed be Huns, invaded territory from China to Eastern Europe, more success in Europe, driven out of China by Wu Ti | 58 | |
| 361931890 | Wu Ti | ''warrior emperor" of the Han Dynasty, expanded empire into central Asia despite pressure from Huns | 59 | |
| 361931891 | Ancient Greece | located on a peninsula between the Aegean and Mediterranean seas, bad for agriculture, but achieved wealth through coastal trade | 60 | |
| 361931892 | Polis | Ancient greek city state w/ distinct culture and identity, often in conflict with other Polis | 61 | |
| 361931893 | Athens | one of the major ancient greek city states; political, cultural, and cultural center of greek civilization; home of first "democracy" (not really a democracy b/c only free adult males participated) | 62 | |
| 361931894 | Sparta | one of the ,major ancient greek city states; agricultural and military; austere, highly disciplined lifestyle; military training stressed equality but not individuality | 63 | |
| 361931895 | Draco and Solon | aristocrats in ancient greece who worked to develop democracy and ensure fair, equal, and open participation. | 64 | |
| 361931896 | Persian Wars | united all greek city states against mutual enemy, Persia, prior to development of Athenian democracy; most of athens destroyed, but ended in stalemate; greek victories @ marathon and salamis allowed greeks to keep control of aegean sea. | 65 | |
| 361931897 | Golden age of Pericles | period of peace and prosperity after persian wars, philosophy, arts, mathematics, and science flourished. | 66 | |
| 361931898 | Pericles | ruler under whom athens was rebuilt after persian wars, became a cultural powerhouse, and established democracy for all adult males | 67 | |
| 361931899 | Delian League | established by athens under pericles, alliance w/ other city states against common enemies | 68 | |
| 361931900 | Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle | 3 most famous classic greek philosophers during pericles's golden age | 69 | |
| 361931901 | Homer | wrote Illiad and odyssey, famous epic poems during pericles's golden age | 70 | |
| 361931902 | Peloponnesian War | between Delian league and Peloponnesian league (sparta and Aegean city states) in 431 BC over trade dispute involving city of corinth | 71 | |
| 367664074 | Macedonians | invaded Athens from the north after it was weakened by plague and naval defeat following the Peloponnesian war | 72 | |
| 367664075 | Phillip of Macedon | ruled the Macedonians from 359-336 BC | 73 | |
| 367664076 | Alexander the Great | Phillip of Macedon's son, taught by Aristotle, widely expanded Macedonian dominance, conquered Persian Empire and spread his own empire from the Mediterranean to India | 74 | |
| 367664077 | Antigonid | one of three sections of Alexander's empire, Greece and Macedon | 75 | |
| 367664078 | Ptolemaic | one of three sections of Alexander's empire, Egypt | 76 | |
| 367664079 | Seleucid | one of the three regions of Alexander's empire; contained Bactria and Anatolia | 77 | |
| 367664080 | Hellenism | culture, ideals, and way of life in ancient Greece; spread by Alexander's empire | 78 | |
| 367664081 | Patricians | landowning free males in Ancient Rome | 79 | |
| 367664082 | Plebians | non-land-owning free males in Ancient Rome, lower class | 80 | |
| 367664083 | Twelve Tables of Rome | codified Roman laws; included concept of "innocent until proven guilty"; the codification of Roman law during the republic | 81 | |
| 367664084 | Carthage | City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. | 82 | |
| 367664085 | Punic Wars | A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. | 83 | |
| 367664086 | Hannibal | Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants. | 84 | |
| 367664087 | first triumvirate | the three Roman generals, (Gnaeus, Pompey, Marcus Crassus, and Julius Caesar) who ruled the Roman Republic from 60 to 46 B.C.; marked beginning of end of Roman Republic | 85 | |
| 367664088 | Julius Caesar | Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power; made a significant decision not to conquer Germany | 86 | |
| 367664089 | second triumvirate | Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus. Ocatvius took over and Republic was over; Rome entered Pax Romana with Octavius. | 87 | |
| 367664090 | Octavius | Part of the second triumvirate whom the power eventually shifted to. Assumed the name Augustus Caesar, and became emperor. Was the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Pax Romana. | 88 | |
| 367664091 | Pax Romana | A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. | 89 | |
| 367664092 | Paganism | the state religion of the Roman empire from the Republic to the early days of the empire | 90 | |
| 367664093 | Christianity | a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior; originated in 31 BC | 91 | |
| 367664094 | Constantine | Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337) | 92 | |
| 367664095 | Edict of Milan | issued by Constantine in 313, ended the "great persecution" and legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire; made Christianity official religion of the Roman Empire | 93 | |
| 367664096 | Diocletan | Roman Emperor who improved administration and tax collection, divided the Roman empire in two | 94 | |
| 367664097 | Constantinople | Previously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome. | 95 | |
| 367664098 | Visigoths | Germanic people who migrated to Rome, originally came from Scandinavia and Russia. They adapted Roman cultures and provided troops for the Roman army. They created settlements around Rome, and stormed and sacked it in 410. The western part of the Roman Empire was in shambles by the mid fifth century CE. | 96 | |
| 367664099 | Atilla | Leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century | 97 | |
| 367664100 | Silk Road | An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay; became very important again from 1200 to 1600 AD, during mongol rule | 98 |
