american history
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| 310105410 | Growth of the Stock Market | the prices/amount of trading increased rapidly, and brokerage firms began to offer easy credit | |
| 310105411 | Black Tuesday | stocks dropped so low that companies were practically worthless. the market then continued to decrease in value. | |
| 310105412 | Reasons for the Great Depression | -lack of diversity in the economy -maldistribution of wealth -declining exports -unstable international debt structure | |
| 310105413 | Problems with the International Debt structure | The European countries that owed money to the United States didn't have enough money to pay it, so they took out more loans from United States banks. | |
| 310105414 | Where Historians Disagree on the Depression | -business leaders: lack of business confidence -Hoover administration: international factors -New Dealers: under-consumption -timing -raising interest rates led to a contraction of currency | |
| 310105415 | Economic trends as the Depression continues | There was serious deflation because people started hording money. Less money meant less purchasing power, which worsened the depression. Hoover was scared of going into debt, so even though he created lots of programs to help the depression, none worked, because he didn't commit enough money to any of them. He also tried raising taxes to increase government revenue, but this didn't work because no one had money. | |
| 310105416 | Unemployment trends during the Depression | most people lost jobs to white men, except for black women, because no one wanted their jobs. | |
| 310105417 | The worldwide depression | American banks called in loans in Austria and Germany, which created a panic in Central Europe. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff set the highest import duties in American history, shrinking global trade. Colonies saw decline in demand for their raw materials, which led to poverty and unemployment. Russia and China weren't affected because they were so isolated. | |
| 310105418 | Dust Bowl | record drought from Texas to the Dakotas | |
| 310105419 | "Okies" | people (mainly from Oklahoma) who were forced to flee their homes by the Dust Bowl | |
| 310105420 | Economic trends for African-Americans | hit the hardest because they started with the least. African Americans in the South were mostly farmers. The jobs of black women were unrivaled. | |
| 310105421 | Scottsboro case | In March 1931, nine black teenagers were taken off a freight train in Alabama and arrested for vagrancy and disorder. Two white women who had been riding the train claimed that they were abused even though there was no proof for it. However, all nine boys were convicted and eight of them were sentenced to death, until the Supreme Court overturned the ruling. | |
| 310105422 | International Labor Defense | helped the boys in the Scottsboro case | |
| 310105423 | Economics trends for Mexican-Americans | Chicanos had the same status in the West as blacks had elsewhere. Mexican unemployment rose quickly, and many returned to Mexico. Relief programs excluded Mexicans. | |
| 310105424 | Japanese-American Citizens League | promoted assimilation | |
| 310105425 | Economic trends for women | many thought whatever jobs existed should be for men, but women's employment increased as the families needed the money, even though the professional opportunities declined | |
| 310105426 | Decline of consumerism | people returned to their old practices of making things themselves as the currency in the country decreased | |
| 310105427 | "success ethic" | people believed that they could work to control their own fate, and that poverty/unemployment were therefore personal failures | |
| 310105428 | Dale Carnegie | famous for writing a self-help book about how to win friends and influence people | |
| 310105429 | Farm Security Administration | created to help fund the relocation of farmers to better lands to grow stuff better, but it was mostly unsuccessful | |
| 310105430 | Tobacco Road | exposé of Southern poverty, later a long-running broadway play | |
| 310105431 | John Steinbeck | wrote trials of workers/migrants in CA | |
| 310105432 | Escapism in the radio | used as a distraction from the struggles of everyday life. primarily included westerns, adventure and spy stories, and soap operas | |
| 310105433 | Radio's impact on society | drew the nation together/reshaped social life | |
| 310105434 | Will Hays | former postmaster general who became the head of the Motion Picture Association, and was therefore responsible for censoring all films | |
| 310105435 | General trends in American cinema | explored social questions, and offered a cheaper alternative of fun | |
| 310105436 | Gone with the Wind | popular novel | |
| 310105437 | Life Magazine | photo journal with huge number of readers | |
| 310105444 | "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men" | book focused on migrants and the rural poor | |
| 310105445 | "Grapes of Wrath" | book focused on migrants | |
| 310105446 | Hoover's early actions to aid the economy | voluntary cooperation, and a committee for unemployment relief | |
| 310105447 | "voluntary cooperation" | the idea that the private sector should be more involved and willing to help the government, through actions such as: keeping wages high and not laying off workers | |
| 310105448 | Hawley-Smoot Tariff | highest ever tariff. originally meant as just a tariff on imported farm goods, but grows to include much more. | |
| 310105449 | Agricultural Marketing Act/Farm Board | created in an attempt to have the government take more control. encouraged the government to buy surplus crops, and create national marketing cooperatives. | |
| 310105450 | "Hoovervilles" | shanty towns | |
| 310105452 | Reconstruction Finance Corporation | created to help big businesses such as banks and railroads, but it doesn't help enough. also supposed to offer relief to those who need it, and fund public works projects such as bridges and roads | |
| 310105453 | Farmer's Holiday Association | Farmers led boycott movement by withholding crops in hopes of increasing prices | |
| 310105454 | "Bonus Army" | WWI veterans were told that they would receive a $1000 bonus in 1945. many want their bonus now, as the economy tanks, and so many veterans march to Washington. | |
| 310105455 | election of 1932 | FDR defeats Hoover in an election where the depression is the main issue |
