Exploration and Colonization
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| 78328021 | L'Anse Aux Meadows | Site where Viking artifacts were found, indicating their presence around 1000 A.D. | |
| 78328031 | John Winthrop | First governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony (1630-1649). | |
| 82869093 | Church of England | Founded by King Henry VIII - the state religion England. | |
| 82869094 | Huguenots | French Protestants | |
| 82869096 | Triangle Trade | The pattern of trade between the Americas, Europe and Africa | |
| 84020403 | Albany Plan of Union | 1754 - Early attempt to unite the colonies by Ben Franklin - proposal failed | |
| 84021182 | French and Indian War | 1754-1763 The war between Great Britain and France in North America. Britain became the dominant colonial power in the eastern half of North America. | |
| 84021183 | Mercantilism | The theory that a nation should export more than they import. | |
| 84021184 | Sir Edmund Andros | Governor of the Dominion of New England hated by colonists | |
| 84935477 | Eunice Williams | Captured as a child in Deerfield Raid, refused to return to her Puritan family | |
| 84935478 | Lord Baltimore | created Colony of Maryland based on religious freedom, primarily for Catholics | |
| 84935479 | Reasons for Spanish colonization | Gold, converting natives to Christianity and land. | |
| 84935480 | Pontiac Rebellion | 1763 -1766 Native American uprising against English at the end of French and Indian war was named after Indian leader, Pontiac. | |
| 85118270 | Bacon's Rebellion | An uprising of discontented backcountry settlers in 1676 in the Virginia Colony - Protesting lack of protection by colonial government | |
| 85118271 | George Whitefield | An evangelical Anglican minster from England who took part in the Great Awakening in Massachussetts in 1738. He made the first of many tours of the colonies. | |
| 85118272 | Nathaniel Bacon | A wealthy backcountry settler who led a rebellion against Virginia's governor | |
| 85118273 | Stono Rebellion | The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. | |
| 85132841 | Puritans | Came to America to practice their religion and settled Massachusetts Bay. | |
| 85132842 | John Peter Zenger | Trial set precedent for freedom of the press during colonial times | |
| 85132843 | Staple crops of the South | Tobacco, rice, indigo | |
| 85132844 | Dominion of New England | Attempt by the British to gain more control of New England colonies by uniting them under one royal governor | |
| 85181732 | Congregationalist | Question the strict Calvinist theology of predestination. Members of Puritan churches. | |
| 85187558 | Jacques Cartier | Explored the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to the region for France | |
| 85187559 | Poor Richard's Almanack | Written by Ben Franklin in (1732-57) - emphasized useful and practical knowledge. | |
| 85187560 | William Penn | Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania | |
| 85456555 | What colonial regions benefits most from slave trade? Why? | New England because they supplied the captains and the ships | |
| 85456556 | Pocahontas | Chief Powhatan's daughter, later married John Rolfe of Virginia | |
| 85456557 | Indentured Servant | Contracted worker in exchange for transport, food, clothing, lodging, and other necessities. | |
| 85456558 | Columbian Exchange | Widespread exchange of animals, plants, cultures, diseases, and ideas between the western and eastern hemispheres. | |
| 85622030 | Deerfield Raid | 1704 - French & Native Americans attacked Deerfield, Massachusetts. 112 captives were taken to Canada. One third chose not to return | |
| 85622031 | James Oglethorpe | Founded the colony of Georgia as a buffer - settlers came from debtors' prisons | |
| 85622032 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese navigator & map-maker - he spurred exploration | |
| 85622033 | Spanish Armada 1588 | Went to attack England and failed | |
| 85686263 | Encomienda | Grant to a Spanish colonist that a certain number on Indians will pay tribute to him in the way of labor or goods | |
| 85686264 | Reasons for English Colonization | Religious freedom, profit (gold, raw materials, cash crops) | |
| 85686265 | Admiralty & Vice Admiralty Courts | 1760s British Military courts used to try colonists for smuggling | |
| 85689296 | Salem Witch Trials | 1692 - 1693, twenty accused witches were killed mostly by hanging | |
| 85712900 | Free Blacks in Colonial Times | relatively few - didn't have the same rights as white people. | |
| 85712901 | Primogeniture | A law stated that the entire estate of a man would be passed to his first-born son when he died. | |
| 85712902 | Entail | Possessions of a man could only be passed on to a certain successor when he died. | |
| 85712903 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | Established in 1630 by Puritans - eventually combined with Plymouth and became Massachusetts. | |
| 85979441 | "Holy Experiment" | William Penn's plan to treat Indians fairly | |
| 85979442 | Massachusetts General Court | The legislature in Massachusetts | |
| 85979443 | French and Indian War- Causes | Competition for resources, power & expansion in the New World. | |
| 85979448 | "Middling Sort" | economic middle class | |
| 85979449 | French & Indian War effects on colonists | English debt causes crack down on collecting taxes - end of salutary neglect | |
| 85979450 | Mayflower Compact | The governing document of the Plymouth colony | |
| 85979451 | Samuel de Champlain | French explorer of St. Lawrence River - "father" of New France | |
| 85979452 | Treaty of Paris 1763 | Treaty that ends the French and Indian War (Seven Year War) | |
| 85979453 | Pequot War | 1637 - example of early conflict - Narragansett and Mohegan tribes join with Plymouth & Massachusetts Bay colonies to fight the Pequots | |
| 85979454 | Henry Hudson | Explored northeastern North America and claimed NY area for the Dutch | |
| 85979455 | Chesapeake colonies-why slow growth? | Colony mostly populated by men, swampy, diseases | |
| 85979456 | Pilgrims | Separatists - believed the Church of England was corrupt and needed to start a new Church - founded Plymouth | |
| 85979457 | Salutary Neglect | A period of time when the British did not enforce the Navigation Acts | |
| 86067583 | Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | the first formal constitution in the colonies | |
| 86135603 | Georgia- why founded? | To resettle people from debtors prison in England and form a buffer against Spanish & Seminole attacks | |
| 86135604 | Navigation Acts (1651, 1673, 1696) | A series of laws restricting trade between England and it's colonies in America | |
| 86135605 | Sugar Islands- Barbados, Jamaica, Haiti | Most African slaves went to this region | |
| 86135606 | Barracoons | Small wooden shacks where slaves were kept before arrival of slaves ships | |
| 86346944 | Maryland- why founded? | As a refuge for Catholics in the colonies | |
| 86346945 | Proclamation of 1763 | Prohibited American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains | |
| 86346946 | First Great Awakening | A colonial religious revival that led people to question traditional religious authorities | |
| 86346947 | Roanoke Colony | Lost Colony - disappeared while waiting for a resupply ship from England | |
| 86576811 | Benjamin Franklin | A founding father. Published Poor Richards Almanack. | |
| 86576812 | Halfway Covenant | Offered partial membership rights to people who have not yet converted. | |
| 86576813 | New Inventions for Exploration | Compass, sextant, caravel | |
| 86576814 | The "Starving Time" | The first winter in Jamestown. | |
| 86665107 | Anne Hutchinson | banished from Boston; helped founded Rhode Island | |
| 86665108 | Methodist Religion | founded by John Wesley. Believed in no evil, practicing kindness, and God's word as law | |
| 86665109 | Frontier of Inclusion/Exclusion | natives part of society: natives not part of society | |
| 86665110 | Fictive Kin | referring to someone as family (gramp, auntie), though they share no blood relation | |
| 86665111 | Blended Culture | The blending of African culture with Colonial culture to create African American Culture | |
| 86807694 | Deism | Religious belief that says God created the world and lets it run itself by natural law | |
| 86807695 | John Locke | English philosopher - believed government should derive its power from the people whom it governed. | |
| 86816851 | Pueblo Revolt | Ongoing rebellion to limit the Spanish expanding, longest lasting Native American revolt in American History | |
| 86873018 | Christopher Columbus | Explorer trying to get to Asia landed in the West Indies | |
| 86873019 | Peter Stuyvesant | Served as the last dutch director general in the colony of New Netherland form 1647-1664. | |
| 86873020 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Treaty singed by Spain and Portugal, that divided the new world. | |
| 86873021 | House of Burgesses | First legislature established in Virginia. | |
| 87018397 | The Scramble | A way of choosing slaves newly arrived in the Americas - Owners would rush to choose the best from slaves in an enclosure | |
| 87019636 | Fort Duquesne | Strategic French stronghold - Important in French & Indian War | |
| 87019637 | Maryland Act of Toleration | granted religious freedom and allowed one to worship as they pleased | |
| 87019638 | Roger Williams | Founder of Rhode Island - banished from Massachusetts | |
| 87019639 | Massachusetts School Law | every township that has 50 or more households must provide the community with a school house and school master | |
| 87020953 | St. Augustine | First permanent European settlement in North America | |
| 87020954 | Squanto | Indian who helped the Pilgrims during their first winter in Plymouth | |
| 87020955 | Middle passage | part of Triangle Trade when slaves were transported from Africa to the Americas | |
| 87020956 | Antinomianism | asserting that inner grace was sufficient to achieve salvation and that church ministers were unnecessary for that goal | |
| 87030519 | Salutary Neglect | An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies | |
| 87030520 | Bartolomeo de las Casas | a Spanish priest who was harshly critical of the Spanish treatment of Indians | |
| 87030521 | Great Migration | Settlement of over twenty thousand Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other parts of New England between 1630 and 1642. | |
| 87030522 | New England town meetings | "pure democracy"; meetings held congregational-style in churches to discuss politics and town matters. | |
| 87030523 | task system | usually for rice cultivation, a task is assigned to the slave, and when they finish it the rest of the day is theirs | |
| 87030524 | gang system | enslaved people were organized into work gangs that labored from sunup to sundown | |
| 87030525 | missions | religious settlements run by Catholic Priests and friars. | |
| 87030526 | presidios | a Spanish fort built to protect the missions and other colonists. | |
| 87030527 | Enlightenment | a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions | |
| 87030528 | King Philip's War | 1675-1676 coordinated assaults on New England villages, The last major Indian effort to halt New Englander's encroachment on their lands | |
| 87030529 | Plains of Abraham | a field near Quebec; the site of a major British victory over the French in the French and Indian War | |
| 87030530 | Reasons for French colonization | Fur trade and to convert Indians to Catholicism | |
| 87030531 | Charleston | Major Southern colonial port | |
| 87030532 | Jamestown | First permanent English settlement in North America | |
| 87030533 | New England Confederation | 1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies. | |
| 87030534 | City upon a hill | Winthrop's name for Massachusetts Bay Colony symbolizing how it will be a Puritan example that others will look up to | |
| 87030535 | Plymouth Colony | colony formed by the Pilgrims when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620 | |
| 87030536 | War of Jenkins Ear | 1739, between British and the Spanish. Began because of Spanish attacks on British merchants in the West Indies | |
| 87030537 | Glorious Revolution, effect on colonies | English overthrow of James II in 1688; Parliament gained more power than the king - will lead to conflict in the future | |
| 87030538 | John Rolfe | Discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony & he married Pocahontas | |
| 87030539 | Quakers | Religious group that settled Pennsylvania - believed in pacifism and equality for all. | |
| 87030540 | Bering Strait | what people crossed when migrating to the Americas; land bridge | |
| 87030541 | Harvard | The oldest college in America, which reflected Puritan commitment to an educated ministry | |
| 87030542 | Old Lights and New Lights | Old Lights supported the traditional churches before the Great Awakening, while New Lights broke with those traditions. | |
| 87030543 | Thomas Hooker | Puritan minister who founded the colony of Connecticut in 1639 | |
| 87030544 | Captain John Smith | Organized Jamestown and imposed a harsh law "He who will not work shall not eat". | |
| 87030545 | Headright system | Parcels of land (about 50 acres) given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. | |
| 87030546 | Pennsylvania "Dutch" | German-speaking Protestants who settled in Pennsylvania | |
| 87030547 | Tobacco, rice, indigo | Cash crops in Southern colonies | |
| 87030548 | English Reformation | Created the Church of England or Anglican Church as the official religion, still left little room for religious freedom | |
| 87030549 | Jonathan Edwards | Preacher of the Great Awakening. His most popular sermon titled, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," appealed to thousands of re-awakened Christians. | |
| 87030550 | Reason for exploration | find a new route to Asia for trade |
