Terms : Hide Images
| 314663451 | Problem Definition | Assumptions we make about a problem define how we approach and try to solve it. | |
| 314663452 | Prevention/Promotion Programs | Reduce likelihood of problems by strengthening protective factors and reducing risk factors in individuals, families, schools, organizations, and communities. | |
| 314663453 | Consultation | Focuses on roles, decision making, communication, and conflict in organizations to promote employee job satisfaction or effectiveness of human services, social change organizations, or schools | |
| 314663454 | Alternative Settings | Put in place when traditional services do not meet the needs of some populations. | |
| 314663455 | Community Organizing | At grassroots levels helps citizens organize to identify local issues and decide how to address them. | |
| 314663456 | Community Coalitions | bring together citizens and community institutions to address a community problem together (part of comm organizing.) | |
| 314663457 | Participatory Research | Community researchers and citizens collaborate to provide useful information for action on community issues | |
| 314663458 | Program Evaluation | helps to determine whether community programs effectively attain their goals and how they can be improved | |
| 314663459 | Policy Research and Advocacy | includes research on community and social issues, efforts to inform decision makers about courses for action and evaluation of the effects of social policies. | |
| 314663460 | Context Minimization Error | - ignoring or discounting the importance of contexts in an individual's life. - Leads to psych theories and research findings that are flawed or only hold true in limited circumstances. - Can lead to therapy interventions or social programs that fail because they reform without understanding or altering context within idvs live. | |
| 314663461 | Context | the encapsulating environments within which an individual lives. - influence our lives as much as individual characteristics do - | |
| 314663462 | Fundamental Attribution Error | - the tendency of observers watching an actor to overestimate the importance of the actor's individual characteristics and underestimate the importance of situational factors. - trip on sidewalk: person drinking? not, sidewalk flawed? | |
| 314663463 | Persons and Contexts Influence Each Other | - Persons influence context when citizen efforts lead to improved police coverage. | |
| 314663464 | Community Psychology | - concerns the relationships of individuals with communities and societies. By integrating research with action, it seeks to understand and enhance quality of life for individuals, communities, and societies. | |
| 314663465 | Participant-Conceptualizer | - actively involved in community processes while also attempting to understand and explain them. | |
| 314663466 | First Order Change | - alters, rearranges, or replaces the individual members of a group; potentially resolving some aspects of a problem - help individuals but problems persist because you do not address the larger picture | |
| 314663467 | Social Disorganization Theory | The theory that attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions, such as the family, school, church, and local government | |
| 314663468 | Second-Order Change | - Changing relationships, shared goals, roles, rules, and power relationships - Analysis of the problem taking into account these relationships and how they're contributing to the problem, not specific interventions. | |
| 314663469 | Limits of Second-Order Change | - Problem resolution = a process - New problems, challenges created with resolutions | |
| 314663470 | Ecological Levels of analysis | - clarifies the differing values, goals, and strategies for intervention associated with each level of analysis - interaction between systems - clarify how single problems have multiple causes | |
| 314663471 | Proximal Systems | - closest to the individual and involving the most face-to-face contact | |
| 314663472 | Distal Systems | - less immediate to the person yet having broad efects | |
| 314663473 | Bronfenbenner (1979) | - Russian nesting doll - each individual exists within layers of contexts -Proximal systems are nested within broader more distal systems - Does NOT account for relationships among levels | |
| 314663474 | Individuals | - each person is involved in systems at multiple ecological levels - influences environments and relationships, they influence the indv. | |
| 314663475 | Microsystems | - environments in which the person repeatedly engages in direct, personal interaction with others; ie classrooms, friendship networks, families -indvs form interpersonal relationships, assume social roles, and share activities -social units with own dynamics -members have roles, differential power in making decisions -important sources of support, but also conflict | |
| 314663476 | Setting | - not simply a physical place but an enduring set of relationships among individuals that may be associated with one or several places - ie coffee shops, changing place, for a meeting; still the 'setting' diff place | |
| 314663477 | Organizations | - larger than microsystems and have formal structure: title, mission, bylaws, meetings, etc - important forms of community in that they affect who people associate with, resources available, etc - schools, health care -often consist of smaller microsystems -not sum of parts, dynamics of whole organization and informal 'culture' important - can be part of larger social units | |
| 314663478 | Localities | - have governments, local economies, media, systems of social, educational, and health services - sets of organizations or microsystems. -indv participate in locality through smaller groups; cannot influence alone | |
| 314663479 | Macrosystems | -largest level of analysis in system - societies, cultures, political parties, social movements, corporations - exercise influence through promoting ideologies and social norms - form contexts within which the other levels function; ie economic climate | |
| 314663480 | Population | - defined by a broadly shared characteristic; ie gender, race, ethnicity, nationality | |
| 314663481 | Mediating structures | - Peter Berger, John Neuhaus - settings that can assist individuals coping with society's stressors - schools, mutual help groups | |
| 314663482 | Error of Logical Typing | - taking action at the wrong level of analysis eg taking individual approach to reduce homelessness | |
| 314663483 | Individual and Family Wellness | -1/7. - strengthening families can promote indv wellness - places in ecological context | |
| 314663484 | Wellness | - physical and psych health, including personal well-being and attainment of personal goals - indicators: psych distress, social-emotional skills, personal well-being, life satisdaction | |
| 314663485 | Collective Wellness | - health of communities and societies | |
| 314663486 | Sense of Community | -2/7 -perceptions of belongingness, interdependence, and mutual commitment that links individuals in a collective unity - balances the value of indv/family wellness - not always positive, in/out | |
| 314663487 | Respect for Human Diversity | -3/7 - recognizes and honors the variety of communities and social identities based on gender, ethnic or racial identity, nationality etc. - Persons/comm diverse, defy generalizations, must be understood on own terms - Psychs must understand the traditions of culture/distinct community, appreciate strengths resources, and adapt research methods | |
| 314663488 | Social Justice | - 4/7 - the fair, equitable allocation of resources, opportunities, obligations, and power in society as a whole - most concerned with advocacy and changes in public attitude | |
| 314663489 | Distributive Justice | - allocation of resources among members of a population - outcomes of a program or social policy | |
| 314663490 | Procedural Justice | - concerns whether processes of collective decision making include a fair representation of citizens; - how things are planned | |
| 314663491 | Empowerment and Citizen Participation | - 5/7 - empowerment is aimed toward enhancing the possibilities for people to control their own lives - a process that works across multiple levels; gaining access to resources and exercising power - emphasizes democratic processes of making decisions that allow all member of a community to have meaningful involvement - must be balanced with values of sense of community, social justice, and respect for diversity | |
| 314663492 | Collaboration and Community Strengths | -6/7 - making community strengths available - comm psychs search for personal and community strengths and promote change; add to structures existing in a community - collaboration best pursued where psychologist and community share common values | |
| 314663493 | Empirical Grounding | -7/7 - integrating research with community action, basing action in empirical research findings whenever possible - uses research to make community action more effective and makes research more valid for understanding communities |
