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| 446536348 | what were the contingencies that led to the europeans breaking out of their limitations? | first the chinese decided in the early 1400sto abandon its naval domination of the indian ocean, and to remonitize its economy using silver creating a new demand for silver that would soon be met by the new world. the second contingency was the dicovery of the new world and its stores of silver, the decimation of the native population by dideases carried by the conquerors and the construction of an african slave based plantaion economy subordinate to european interests. third, the failure of the spanish in the sixteenth century to impose an empire on the rest of europe led to a system of competing european states locked in almost constant warfare, thus promoting rapid military innovation. | |
| 446536349 | what was industrialization in britain contingent upon? | a periphery in the new world with the need for britains manufactured goods and they were sitting on convenient coal deposits | |
| 446536350 | how was dominance achieved by the europeans? | the great dying, sugar, african slavery, pilfered silver, opium, guns, and war | |
| 446536351 | what did marks begin by defining the world as? | industrial capitalism coupled with the system of nation-staes and divided by a gap between the haves and have-nots | |
| 446536352 | what accounts for most of the story of the making of the modern world? | interactions (contingencies, conjunctures, and historical accidents) | |
| 446536353 | has western superiority been evident through much of human history over the past millenium? | no, in fact the final decades of the twentieth century have witnessed a resurgence of asia as a powerful challenge to the european and american hegemony | |
| 446536354 | when did the united states' dominant position materialize? | in the specific circumstances of the thirty year crisis of 1914-1945 | |
| 446536355 | when were the constraints of the biological old regime broken? | about 1800 or so | |
| 446536356 | which were the most highly developed states of the old world? | china, india, western europe, japan | |
| 446536357 | how did the western europeans escape from the limitations of the biological old regime? | led by the british they tapped stored sources of energy (coal and then oil) | |
| 446536358 | what opened the way for the rise of the us and the soviet union? | two world wars and the great depression | |
| 446536359 | when is the birth of globalization? | 1571 when spain established its colony of manila in the philippine islands which made the regular exchange of commodities around the world possible with new world silver traveling around the world | |
| 446536360 | what was driving the first wave of globalization? | china's appetite for silver | |
| 446536361 | when did the second wave of globalization begin? | the nineteenth century, first the british the west europeans, the us and then japan, harnessed the fruits of industrialization to military power, and turned that power toward colonizing asians and africans | |
| 446630510 | when did the third wave begin? | after the second world war the us and soviet union emerged from that war as global superpowers, each with its own view for structuring the world leading to a third wave of globalization in a polarized world | |
| 446630511 | when did the fourth wave come? | the fourth and latest wave of globalization began with the demise of the soviet union in 1991 | |
| 447640129 | 1. What is a Eurocentric version of the origins of the modern world? | that the west has some unique cultural advantage that allowed them to modernize first and hence gave them the moral authority and the power to diffuse modernity where there were obstacles preventing modernization | |
| 447640130 | Why does the author of this book choose a non-Eurocentric narrative? | Recent scholarship on East Asia, India, Africa, and the Middle East, however, has raised significant doubts about Eurocentric explanations. | |
| 447640131 | Describe the trading circuits of the world around 1300. In what sense was this world polycentric? | the afro-eurasian system was a world system because for all practical purposes all of the parts of the world where people traded were connected to it. it was polycentric in the sense that there was not a single part that was the "center of the world" | |
| 447640132 | What does the "gap" refer to, and what explanations have been offered to explain it? | Overpopulation meant more food was necessary to sustain the population. This led to overworking the land, in turn creating famine which led to susceptibility to decrease living standards, thus creating a gap in social classes. | |
| 447640133 | How does a view of history that is contingent differ from one what that sees what happened as inevitable? | the view of history as contingent incorporates all if not most of the ways of looking at history while the view that everything is inevitable only looks at it from one perspective-the eurocentric one usually | |
| 447640134 | What were the "voyages of Zheng He," and why were they important? Why were they stopped, and why is that significant for world history? | the voyages were the the largest fleet of ships the world had ever seen at that time its purpose was to show the world the "flag" of china and to push outwards and to encourage overseas trade , these voyages were stopped because the political struggles that had been going on in china for years between those | |
| 447640135 | What is the story of the rise of the West? | The "story" is really how the Eurocentric POV sees that because Europeans were superior, they got "ahead" of any other country, when really, it was the product of contingency, accidents, and conjunctures, such as that of coal and the colonies. It begins around the time of the industrial revolution, and ends in modern day. Or, rather, is ending. | |
| 447640136 | When does the period of modern history typically begin? What events usually are taken as markers of the beginning of the modern period? | The formation of nation-states (beginning around 1400) marked the beginning of the modern world | |
| 447640137 | What does it mean to say that the world prior to about 1800 was polycentric? | This means the world before 1800 contained several regional systems, each with a predominating group and a respective core and periphery | |
| 447640138 | What factors contributed to the almost four-fold increase in the human population over the course of the twentieth century? | Improved Medical Technology Easier Access to food, which allowed for large city populations | |
| 447640139 | How did World War I threaten the stability of the old imperialist order built by Europeans in the nineteenth century? | The First World War threatened the stability of the European Empires because instead of fighting weaker locals inside their respective colonies, it was the first major war in Europe since the Franco-Prussian War that occurred in 1870. The fighting between the European powers effectively shut down their international economies. Instead of stealing resources from their colonies, making products, then selling it back to them, all materials went into the war effort, leaving the colonies to produce everything on their own. This problem is shown once more during the 2nd World War when the economies are completely used to the max for the war and all materials possible were used for the explicit use of war and war only. | |
| 447640140 | Why was the synthesis of nitrogen so important to the course of twentieth-century history? What was the name of the process? Why was it developed first in Germany? | the haber process developed first in germany due to the fact it was land locked, did not have an empire to use the colonies resources instead of its own, and also the soil quality was terrible. it was so important because it was used in weapons and as farm fertilizer | |
| 447640141 | How did the depression of the 1870s lead to protectionism and the "New Imperialism"? | In the face of setbacks and divisions among the imperialist powers in World War I, nationalism fueled anti-imperialist and anti-colonial independence movements not just in India and China, but in Egypt, Vietnam, and Palestine as well. Nationalism, which had developed in nineteenth-century Europe and Japan, in the twentieth century became a global force. Where in Europe nationalism was mostly a conservative force that emphasized cultural, linguistic, and religious commonalities to blunt the class conflicts that grew along with industrialization, in Asia and Africa nationalism would have an explicit anti-imperialist content, often fueling socially revolutionary movements." For different reasons, both the United States and the Soviet Union had strongly anti-colonial ideologies and were opposed to European states maintaining their colonies, and that fact contributed to the surge of postwar anticolonial movements in the colonies. But they also had vastly different social and economic systems—one primarily free market capitalism (the United States) and the other state-planned socialism (the Soviet Union)—which each sought to project as a global model | |
| 447640142 | Voyages of Zheng He | -find nephew, promote world trade, show off China's wealth and power | |
| 447640143 | Describe Trade circuits of Indian ocean. How did Europeans change the trading world? | Between Chinese, Indian, Muslims; Portugese brought armed trading | |
| 447640144 | What is Dar al Islam? | wherever Islam spread to ( Northern Africa, Southwest Asia , Southern Spain) | |
| 447640145 | What is meant by the first Globalization? | 1st linkage between Europe, Americas, Asia, and Africa; Pacific to New World` | |
| 447640146 | What was the significance of the Great Dying? | The Native Americans had no immunity to diseases brought by Spaniards, so they all got sick leaving them vulnerable to Spanish conquest. Eventually the NA all died out, so the Spanish had to buy African slaves. | |
| 447640147 | Why was there a huge demand for silver? | Chinese needed it for monetary system. It came from South America, went to spain, then to China. |
