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| 474373948 | RNA & DNA work together as team to make _____ on ______. | proteins, ribosomes | |
| 474373949 | Genetic information is encoded in ____. | DNA | |
| 474373950 | New DNA is synthesized by complimentary pairing of ______ ________ on two DN strands. | nucleotide bases (A <-> T, C <-> G) | |
| 474373951 | Unrepaired mistakes in DNA synthesis result in _____ _______. | genetic mutations | |
| 474373952 | RNA is involved in decoding DNA and ______ to ______ ________. | translation, produce proteins | |
| 474373953 | 2 classifications of nucleic acids | 1) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2) Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | |
| 474373954 | Nucleotides | Monomer units of nucleic acids | |
| 474373955 | 3 Components of Nucleotides: | 1) Nitrogenous base (pyrimidines and purines) 2) Sugar (ribose or 2-deoxyribose) 3) Phosphate | |
| 474373956 | base + sugar | nucleoside (add a phosphate = nucleotide) | |
| 474373957 | RNA differences (3) | - single stranded - composed of ribose sugar - contains the base Uracil (U) | |
| 474373958 | DNA differences (3) | - double stranded - composed of deoxyribose sugar - contains base Thymine (T) | |
| 474373959 | DNA bases | Thymine (T) <-> Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) <-> Guanine (G) | |
| 474373960 | RNA bases | Uracil (U) <-> Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) <-> Guanine (G) | |
| 474373961 | Pyrimidine Bases | - Cytosine - Guanine - Thymine (DNA only) - Uracil (RNA only) | |
| 474373962 | Purine Bases | - Adenine - Guanine | |
| 474373963 | Nucleotide formation is a ________ reaction. | condensation (2 H2O released) - base attached to 1' position of the sugar - phosphate located at 5' position on the sugar | |
| 474373964 | phosphorylated nucleic acid | nucleotide | |
| 474373965 | What is present in RNA in addition to nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate group? | -OH (hydroxyl) | |
| 474373966 | 5' end of polynucleotide chain | end with no nucleotide attached (end with a free phosphate) | |
| 474373967 | 3' end of polynucleotide chain | end with free hydroxl (-OH) | |
| 474373968 | Sequences are always read from the ___ to ____ ends. | 5', 3' | |
| 474373969 | Linkage btwn two nucleotides is a 3' to 5' _______ bond. | phosphodiester (phosphodiester linkage -> involves 2 esters) | |
| 474373970 | The "other side" of the DNA strand | complimentary strand | |
| 474373971 | Complimentary bases are held together with ______ bonds. | hydrogen bonds (together with hydrophobic interactions give structure to dsDNA) | |
| 474373972 | antiparallel manner of paired strands means... | 5' end of one strand is paired with 3' end of other | |
| 474373973 | Hydrophylic deoxyribose-phosphate backbone of each chain is on _____ of helix. | outside (exterior surface) | |
| 474373974 | Hydrophobic _____ stacked inside helix. | bases | |
| 474373975 | "AT(&T)" | Adenine and Thymine bond with TWO hydrogen bonds | |
| 474373976 | Guanine and Cytosine bond with ____ hydrogen bonds. | 3 | |
| 474373977 | Differences btwn RNA & DNA: | 1) RNA usually single strand 2) RNA can fold back on itself 3) RNA composed of ribose sugar (DNA deoxyribose) 4) RNA contains base of Uracil (in place of Thymine in DNA) | |
| 474373978 | DNA --> DNA = ______ | replicates (replication) | |
| 474373979 | DNA --> mRNA = ______ | transcription (occurs in nucleus) | |
| 474373980 | mRNA --> production of proteins = | translation (occurs on ribosomes in cytoplasm) | |
| 474373981 | mRNA | "blueprint carrier" - from nucleus to ribosomes locates in cytoplasm | |
| 474373982 | Protein synthesis takes place on ______. | ribosomes | |
| 474373983 | Available strand for reading (3' to 5') when DNA unravels | sense strand | |
| 474373984 | post-translation modification | This is the chemical modification of a protein after its translation. It is one of the later steps in protein biosynthesis, and thus gene expression, for many proteins. A protein (also called a polypeptide) is a chain of amino acids. During protein synthesis, 20 different amino acids can be incorporated to become a protein. After translation, the posttranslational modification of amino acids extends the range of functions of the protein by attaching it to other biochemical functional groups (such as acetate, phosphate, various lipids and carbohydrates), changing the chemical nature of an amino acid (e.g. citrullination), or making structural changes (e.g. formation of disulfide bridges). Also, enzymes may remove amino acids from the amino end of the protein, or cut the peptide chain in the middle. Also, most nascent polypeptides start with the amino acid methionine because the "start" codon on mRNA also codes for this amino acid. This amino acid is usually taken off during post-translational modification.Other modifications, like phosphorylation, are part of common mechanisms for controlling the behavior of a protein, for instance activating or inactivating an enzyme. | |
| 474373985 | Post-translation Modification of mRNA | (mRNA that is synthesized from DNA must undergo several changes) STAGE1: "Add Head & Tail" - 5' capping (w/ methylated cap -> methylguanosine cap) - Poly-A tail at 3' end (poly-adenine tail) [enzyme responsible = polyapolemerase) STAGE 2: Splicing | |
| 474373986 | splicing | the process in which introns are removed from pre-mRNA, exons are binded, and a methylated cap (5' end) and poly-a tail (3' end) is put on to protect--resulting in healthy, functioning, mature mRNA [still occurring in nucleus] | |
| 474373987 | transcription termination site | where DNA would stop transcribing specific gene code to RNA ("stop point" --> divides genes) | |
| 474373988 | ____ are cut out. | Introns | |
| 474373989 | Exons are ____ ____. | joined together ("wanted" and taken to cytoplasm) | |
| 474373990 | mRNA is functional and healthy for protein synthesis when _____ are _______. | exons, removed | |
| 474373991 | Translation occurring on ribosomes in cytoplasm involves _____ and a _____ ______. | tRNA, ribosomal unit (rRNA made up of 40s and 60s ribosome) | |
| 474373992 | Have ~20 tRNAs because each is _____ to only ___ amino acid. | specific, 1 | |
| 474373993 | Translation is responsible for translating the information in ____. | mRNA (translates into the language of the amino acid to form a growing peptide chain) | |
| 474373994 | Protein chains grow one-by-one and cannot grow 2 or more at a time. | true | |
| 474373995 | Translation involves ____, _____, _____ and _____. | - mRNA - small & large subunits of ribosome - tRNA - release factor | |
| 474373996 | 3 Stages of Translation: | 1) Initiation 2) Elongation 3) Termination | |
| 474373997 | mRNA (methylated cap at 5', _______, poly-A tail) | mRNA codons (--> methianine correlates to "AUG" codon --> 2nd codon enters & methianine attaches --> next tRNA enters, with ribosome moving along the mRNA, attaches next amino acid coded for --> elongation continues w/ribosome moving along mRNA --> stop codon initiates release factor and the end of protein synthesis | |
| 474373998 | codon | "genetic code" --> composed of mRNA nucleotides | |
| 474373999 | ____ mRNA nucleotides code for one amino acid. | 3 | |
| 474374000 | UUU | codes for phenylalanine (1st discovered -> Nobel Prize) | |
| 474374001 | genetic code is redundant | means amino acid has more than one codon | |
| 474374002 | does not relate/code for an amino acid | nonsense code (can signal end of transcription --> "stop code) | |
| 474374003 | When ribosome encounters nonsense ___, ___ or _____ the translation stops. | UGA, UAA, UAG | |
| 474374004 | silent mutation | codon with changed base codes for original amino acid ("redundant codon" -> no issues related) [ex. UCA (codon for serine) -> UCU (codon for serine) | |
| 474374005 | missense mutation | codon with changes base codes for amino acid different than original amino acid (altogether diff AA means protein may be unhealthy or misfunctioning) [ex. UCA (serine)-> CCA (codon for proline)] | |
| 474374006 | nonsense mutation | codon with changed base may become "termination" codon ("stop codon" -> no AA from that mRNA) [Ex. UCA (serine) -> UAA (termination codon)] | |
| 474374007 | Huntington disease | - nucleotide repeat mutation - CAG codon is amplified (repetition) => encodes Glutamine to point of multiple residues & protein has no function - neurodegenerative disease that is slowly chronic | |
| 474374008 | Cystic Fibrosis | - frame-shift mutation (loss of one genetic code altogether on DNA & counting is not right-->whole frame shifts on DNA so that protein is misfolded) - loss of 3 nucleotides in base-cystic fibrosis - loss of Phe in 508th position-->prevents normal folding - this protein typically func. in Chlorine channel in epithelial cells--> misfunction results in: production of thick mucus in lungs, GI tract & pancreas | |
| 474374009 | DNA->transcription-->mRNA->translation-->protein | TTC (on DNA template strand)->AAG (on mRNA)-> Lysine (polypeptide, or "AA sequence) AGT -> UCA -> Serine CAG -> GUC -> Valine | |
| 474374010 | Drug that binds RNA polymerase (the imp enzyme in translating DNA) to the result that there is no translation of DNA | Rifampin (binds only bacterial RNA, not eukaryotic RNA-> i.e., Rifampin is very specific) | |
| 474374011 | Medication to treat cancer (non-specific) | 5-Flourouracil (an analog of uracil or thymine)--> "arrest the "dUMP --> dTMP" stage and halts DNA synthesis [dUMP--(5-FU -bindsto->F-dUMP)-->(no further process thru to) dTMP-->dTTP-->DNA] | |
| 474374012 | 5-Flourouracil occupies ____ _____ (enzyme), which converts uracil to thymine. | Thymydilate synthase | |
| 474374013 | Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis | sulfanomides (folic acid analogs)- inhibit synthesis of folic acid in microbes (bacteria) competitively (by looking like) w/o interfering w/ host cell function | |
| 474374014 | sulfanomides (methotrexate) | - analogs of para-amino benzoic acid ("PABA") - interferes w/ folic acid metabolism COMPETIVELY - methotrexate limits the avail of tetrahydrofolate (a coenzyme of folic acid)- more effective at binding dihydrofolate reductase enzyme that is necessary for reaction of folic acid-->tetrahydrofolate-->purine synthesis | |
| 474374015 | Disease related to Nucleotide Metabolism: | Gout - increased uric acid - xanthine oxidase enzyme required for reaction inhibited competitively by drug (Allopurinol) [phosphoribosyl pyrophophate (PRPP)->->hypoxanthine->xanthine-(xanthine oxidase)-> uric acid] "when wking properly w/o suicide inhibitor Allipurinol" |
