Terms to know - chapter 12
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| 513135579 | antebellum | pre-civil war | |
| 513135580 | Reform | Result of conflicting attitudes and was the emergence of movements to "the nation, some rested an optimistic faith in human nature and a desire for order and control" Traditional values and instuitions challeneged and eroded, many Americans yearned for stability and discipline | |
| 513135581 | Romantic Movement | In early 19th century Europe, art and literature emphasized intuition and feelings, individual acts of heroism, and the study of nature. In America, similar themes were expressed by transcendentalists. | |
| 513135582 | Hudson River School | Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River | |
| 513135583 | Thomas Doughty | romantic artists that favored America's wild and misty landscapes which often evoked more than they showed . member of hudson river school | |
| 513135584 | Albert Bierstadt | known for his large landscapes of the American west, foremost painter of Westward Expansion scenes, part of Hudson River School, "Storm in the Rocky Mountains", "Looking Down Yosemite Valley", "The Oregon Trail" | |
| 513135585 | Thomas Moran | (February 12, 1837 - August 25, 1926) from Bolton, England was an American painter and printmaker of the Hudson River School whose work often featured the Rocky Mountains. | |
| 513135586 | James Fenimore Cooper | one of the nation's first writers of importance; attained recognition in the 1820's; changed the mood of national literature, started textbooks in America being written by Americans, two pieces of his literature include THE SPY and THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS, American themes-example of the nationalism after the Revolution and War of 1812. (pg. 212-213). | |
| 513135587 | Walt Whitman | American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry. | |
| 513135588 | Herman Melville | An American writer in the 1800s who drew on his experiences at sea and living on South Pacific islands for material and also wrote "Moby Dick". In addition, he rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny. | |
| 513135589 | Edgar Allen Poe | wrote The Raven, had a morbid sensibility, questioned human goodness and died at an early age from alcoholism | |
| 513135590 | Transcendentalism | A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. | |
| 513135591 | Ralph Waldo Emerson | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. Known for Nature (1836) | |
| 513135592 | Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support the Mexican War. | |
| 513135593 | Brooke Farm | an experiment in Utopian socialism which lasted for 6 years (1841-1847) in New Roxbury, MA. It was created by George Ripley as a thinking tank, combining high thinking and plain living. It survived only because of an excellent community school, which many from outside the community paid to send their children too. | |
| 513135594 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-transcendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A".Also wrote the "Blithedale Romance" (1852) | |
| 513135595 | New Harmony | This was a society that focusted on Utopian Socialism (Communism). It was started by Robert Owens but failed because everybody did not share a fair load of the work.q | |
| 513135596 | Oneida Community | A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. | |
| 513135597 | The Shakers | Ann Lee: Founder promoted Celibacy as an answer to world suffering. Men/women should live seperately to maintain celibacy, known for furniture- based upon a way for more togetherness | |
| 513135598 | Church of the Latter Day Saints | the Mormons; sought to create a "New Jerusalem"; taught that every man and woman should aspire to become like a god and that family structure was very important, founded by Joseph Smith in the "Burned Over" district, after JS dies, Brigham Young leads them into Utah. Practice polygamy. | |
| 513135599 | Nauvoo , Illinois | Smith and his followers founded a model city at city state but when they began to practice polygamy, they were prosecuted by authorities and attacked by a mob that murdered Smith. | |
| 513135600 | The Book of Mormon | a book Joesph claimed to have found in the back of his father's farm, which revealed ancient stories of Hebrews who inhabited the new world; linked Native Americans to the lost tribes of Israel & predicted Christ's Second Coming | |
| 513135601 | New Light Evangelicals | embraced the optimistic belief that every individual was capable of salvation through his or her own efforts. revivalism soon became not only a means of personal salvation but an effort to reform the larger society. produced a crusade against personal immorality. | |
| 513135602 | phrenology | the idea that there exists a relationship between persons head shape and their mental capacities/deficiencies. this theory was widely used for both intelligence determination and personality assessment in the 1800's | |
| 514632301 | temperance movement | A social reform effort begun in the mid-1800s to encourage people to drink less alcohol | |
| 514632302 | vaccination , germ theory , and contagion | vaccination was created by Edward Jenner that adaption of folk practices country people's Oliver Wendell holmes published a study of large numbers of cases of "perpetual fever" nd co closed that the diseas could be transmitted one person to another (discovery of contagion). Ignaz Semmelweis noticed infection seemed to be spread through diseased corpses. | |
| 514632303 | horace Mann | Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. | |
| 514632304 | literacy rate in US in 1660 relative to rest of world | 94% | |
| 514632305 | Seneca falls convention | Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote. | |
| 514632306 | Catherine Beecher | believed women should use their moral power to influence change; women should become teachers | |
| 514632307 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery. | |
| 514632308 | Lucretia Mott | Quaker activist in both the abolitionist and women's movements; with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she was a principal organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. | |
| 514632309 | elizabeth cady Stanton | A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." | |
| 514632310 | Susan B. Anthony | social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association | |
| 514632311 | Dorothea Dix | A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. | |
| 514632312 | American colonization society | A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country. (1817) | |
| 514632313 | William Lloyd garrison | 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. | |
| 514632314 | sojourner truth | American abolitionist and feminist. Born into slavery, she escaped in 1827 and became a leading preacher against slavery and for the rights of women., United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883) | |
| 514632315 | Frederick Douglas | the greatest African-American abolitionist, and an incredibly good orator. A freed slave, he escaped to Mass. in 1838, and spent two years lecturing in England. Writes an autobiography, and with the proceeds, purchases his freedom from his Maryland owner, and starts a abolitionist newspaper, North Star, in Rochester NY. | |
| 514632316 | Elijah lovejoy | Former Presbyterian minister; established a reform paper: St. Louis Observer; moved to Alton, IL. (Alton Observer); against slavery and injustices inflicted against blacks; is a martyr for the anti-slavery movement for he was killed by a mob in 1835. | |
| 514632317 | abolition | The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal. Begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s. | |
| 514632318 | the amistad | A spanish slave vessel. Africans destined for slavery in Cuba seized the ship from its crew in 1839 and tried to return it to Africa, but the U.S. navy seized the ship and help the Africans as pirates. | |
| 514632319 | prigg v. pennsylvania | 1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws. | |
| 514632320 | personal liberty laws | pre-Civil War laws passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, by giving them the right to a jury trial. | |
| 514632321 | uncle tom's cabin | Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced england's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict. |
