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| 234766218 | James Madison | "Father of the Constitution";4th president;anti federalist, 4th president, leads nation through War of 1812 "mr.madison's war" encouraged Annapolis Convention; nationalist; separation of powers | |
| 234766219 | George Mason | Was one of the strongest supporters of the bill of rights.(was from Virginia) "father of the bill of rights" In 1776, he had written the bill of rights for Virginia's constitution. After the Constitutional Convention refused to include a bill of rights | |
| 234766220 | Alexander Hamilton | 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. Killed by Burr. | |
| 234766221 | George Washington | Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). Proc. of Neutrality, Pickney Treaty, citizen of genet | |
| 234766222 | Ben Franklin | A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies. Nationalist; attendee of Constitutional Convention; enlightenment; 1st ambassador to France | |
| 234766223 | Nationalists | political group advocating or fighting for national independence, a strong national government, ie. Federalists | |
| 234766224 | Annapolis Convention | Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met at Annapolis in September 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation | |
| 234766225 | Demographic of Constitutional Convention Members | White wealthy males who owned land and were in the elite of society | |
| 234766226 | Provisions of the Constitution | bicameral legislature- lower House on population, upper Senate on equality; 3/5ths Compromise and 20 year slave trade extension; Congress regulate interstate commerce and tax on imports but NOT on exports; electoral college for chief executive | |
| 234766227 | Commercial Compromise | The Commercial Compromise allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. Significance: This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree. | |
| 234766228 | Federalism | a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments | |
| 234766229 | Virginia Plan | Virginia delegate James Madison's plan of government, in which states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population. Was better for large states.Council of Revision with President and judiciary veto power for state and national gov't; House representatives popularly elected, but senators by state legislatures | |
| 234766230 | New Jersey Plan | Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn't want to be bullied by larger states.William Paterson | |
| 234766231 | Great Compromise | Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house | |
| 234766232 | 3/5 rule | Slave representation. each slave is counted as 3/5 of a person for population purposes in the house of representatives | |
| 234766233 | D.C. Compromise | Jefferson gave his support to Hamilton's economic plan, in return Jefferson got to have the capital put along the Potomac river near to the center of the country | |
| 234766234 | Federalists and Anti- Federalists | Federalists (supporters of strong national government) desired ratification of the Constitution (ex. Washington, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton) vs. Anti-Federalists (Strong states' rights advocates wary of large government) who demanded Bill of Rights to even consider ratification | |
| 234766235 | Strict vs. Loose Construction | Strict constructionist were generally antifederalists and wanted the national gov. to stick to only what was in the constitution. Loose constructionists were generally federalists and thought the government can do things outside of the constitution | |
| 234766236 | National Bank | Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way. | |
| 234766237 | Hamilton's Economic Plan | tries to stable American finances. 1) Assumption of State debts 2) Creation of a National Bank 3) Promotion of the manufacturing industry with high taxes on imports. Federalists support all of Hamilton's ideas. Jefferson and Antifederalists oppose it. | |
| 234766238 | Washington's Farewell Address | Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism. | |
| 234766239 | Indian Intercourse Act 1790 | federal licensing system; subsidized trading houses (factories) for Indians to obtain goods; Washington tried to help Indians | |
| 234766240 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. | |
| 234766241 | John Jay | United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court. Ambassador to spain and france | |
| 234766242 | French Revolution's Impact and Role of U.S. | Supported aspiration for Republic, scared of crimes; Jefferson and supporters had sympathy for Revolutionaries; original US alliance with monarchy; Washington Proclamation of Neutrality 1793- Jefferson resign from cabinet in protest | |
| 234766243 | Citizen of Genet | French ambassador started rallying directly to the people for French support in the US without the gov. permission. Was removed from his post and recalled by the French gov. but remained in the US and became a citizen | |
| 234766244 | Jay Treaty | Jay sent to GB to dissuade from seizing American ships and impressing seamen into GB Navy; 1 year later managed to get GB evacuation from US west frontier but nothing of their seizing of US ships; narrowly passed and angered Americans supporting French; kept neutrality | |
| 234766245 | Pinckney Treaty | 1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans, agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans. | |
| 234766246 | Election of 1796 | John Adams elected by 3 electoral votes against Jefferson who became vice. | |
| 234766247 | XYZ Affair | US ships seized by French; unknown ministers X, Y, and Z wanted bribes to enter negotiations; Americans outraged; President Adams avoided war because the navy and army were not strong enough | |
| 234766248 | Alien and Sedition Acts | These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts. | |
| 234766249 | VA and KY Resolutions | Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. | |
| 234766250 | 12th Amendment | added the seperation of the president and vice president onto two different ballots | |
| 234766251 | Midnight Judges | John Adams last-minute judicial appointments to pack the court with federalists before Anti-Federalist Jefferson took office; led to court case Marbury vs. Madison and judicial review. | |
| 234766252 | Marbury vs. Madison | Secretary of State James Madison ordered by Jefferson not to deliver one of the "midnight appointments" to William Marbury who sued. Brought to Supreme Court 1803- Marshall ruled Marbury had right to commission under Judiciary Act 1789, but Act itself was illegal because it gave the courts more power than the Constitution permitted; small Federalist loss for no Marbury in exchange for long-term establishment of judicial review doctrine | |
| 234766253 | Napoleon and Sail of Louisiana | Napoleon and French military took back Louisiana Territory from Spain in 1800; 1803 lost interest in it because needed to concentrate in repelling England and coping with Toussaint l'Ouverture rebellion on French Santo Domingo; during Jefferson's presidency settlers into Indiana territory relied on rivers into MI and New Orleans; Spain revoked right of deposit allowing US duty free use of New Orleans Port during Pinckney Treaty; Jefferson feared European entanglement and economic Consequences; American ministers sent to France to offer $10 million for New Orleans and strip from that port to FL; Napoleon offered entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million; hypocritical federalist action of Jefferson, but Republican Senate still ratified More than doubled US size Allowed for popular DR idea of agrarian society; showed Federalists to be New-England based only Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark from St. Louis 1804- increased knowledge of lands; strengthened claims to Oregon; improved NA relations; developed land routes | |
| 234766254 | John Marshall | created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the supreme court | |
| 234766255 | Election of 1800 | Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President. Alien and Sedition Acts overthrown; Federalists seriously divided over French matters of seizing cargo vs. peace; Adams chose peace; angered conservative federalists i.e. Hamilton; hatred between the two; Jefferson won with Burr Vice-President; burr later dueled Hamilton over jagging remarks; killed Hamilton | |
| 234766256 | T.J. and Indian Removal | Demanded either full assimilation or removal; agriculture not hunting; dark ulterior motive in letting Indians buy white products at trading houses; hoped they would land themselves in enough debt that they would sell land; contributed to later Indian removal (Trail of Tears) | |
| 234766257 | Jeffersonian Ideals | limited gov't; agrarian society; states' rights | |
| 234766258 | Agrarian Republic | based on agriculture rather than New England industrial ideals | |
| 234766259 | Louisiana Purchase | The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size. Jefferson what a hypocrite in making this purchase | |
| 234766260 | Lewis and Clark | Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. | |
| 234766261 | Problems with Neutrality and the Napoleonic Wars | France and GB attempted naval blockades of enemy ports; seized neutral ships and their cargoes; GB esp. Atlantic Navy dominance and force American sailors into GB Navy | |
| 234766262 | Chesapeake-Leopard Affair | British warship fired on US warship off Virginia's coast, killing three Americans; resulted in high anti-British sentiment (1807) | |
| 234766263 | Embargo Act | Act that forbade the export of goods from the U.S. in order to hurt the economies of the warring nations of France and Britain. The act backfired because it ultimately devastated the US economy | |
| 234766264 | Shawnees and Tecumseh | Shawnee resisted white settlement in KY and OH since 1750s; one group by Black Hoof assimilated; other group by Tecumseh moved farther West to continue own way of life; Tecumseh tried to rally Indians completely against Whites; partly successful | |
| 234766265 | Harrison and Tippecanoe | 1811 while Tecumseh still recruiting (after Harrison acquired many treaties for land), marched to Tippecanoe with 1000; losses on both sides; Harrison claimed victory but Tecumseh's followers later attacked US settlements in Indiana and south Michigan; Tecumseh entered formal GB alliance | |
| 234766266 | War of 1812 | Continued violation of US neutrality at sea and GB troubles on Western frontier; more sympathy with French because of US and French Revolutions and GB practice of impressing US sailors GB and Indian and Spanish blocked way for western American expansions; Tecumseh and Prophet tried to unite many tribes; 1810 Congressional Election brought many young Republicans from frontier states; led by Henry Clay of KY and John C. Calhoun of SC; very eager for war with GB Congress persuaded Madison to declare war against GB although GB had suspended naval blockade (but news did not reach in time) PA and VT plus South and West for War; New England and North against Election of 1812: Republicans in South and West defeat Federalist and antiwar Republicans in North; Madison reelected over NY De Witt Clinton "Mr. Madison's War" + war hawks; New England merchants; Federalist politicians and QUids (old Republicans) against; commercial interest and Protestantism to support British not Catholic French, scheme to boost Republican support in Canada and FL; violated classic limited gov't and peace maintenance Tried to attack Canada but failed miserably with three-prong plan; US raid of gov't buildings in Toronto 1813 only incited GB retaliation 1812 Constitution warship ("Old Ironsides") defeated GB ship off Nova Scotia; free African American support for US American privateers capture British merchant ships; but, GB blockade on US East Coast 1813 Captain Oliver Hazard Perry on Lake Erie won naval battle; prepared Perry naval victory for Harrison at Thames River (killed Tecumseh); 1814 Thomas Macdonough defeated GB fleet on Lake Champlain; forced to retreat from New England and NY 1814 GB defeat Napoleon, so sent forces to DC and burned White House, Capitol, etc. Also tried to take Baltimore, but Fort McHenry held out; "Star-Spangled Banner" General Andrew Jackson in South 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama; destroyed Creek nation (GB ally) Battle of New Orleans stop GB effort to control MI River at New Orleans by Jackson's frontiersmen, free blacks, and Creoles 1815; although TREATY HAD ALREADY BEEN SIGNED IN GHENT, BELGIUM | |
| 234766267 | War Hawks, Clay and Calhoun | Men eager for war with Britain, with a strong sense of nationalism and who were not old enough to have experienced the Revolution. Examples: Henry Clay from Kentucky, and John C. Calhoun from South Carolina. | |
| 234766268 | Reason for War | continued violation of US neutrality rights; want of free seas and trade without worry of impressment; frontier pressures and the want of America to secure its western frontier; Native Americans wanting their land and America wanting to take it; Indian attacks of whites ie Tecumseh | |
| 234766269 | Fort McHenry | defended Baltimore; drove off British; inspiration for Francis Scott Key's "The Star-Spangled Banner" | |
| 234766270 | Hartford Convention | New England Federalists not assuaged by occasional victories; met in Hartford, CT 1814 to discuss grievances and possible secession; old idea of nullification doctrine again introduced (VA and KY Resolves against Alien and Sedition Acts); superfluous b/c peace already won | |
| 234766271 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. basically everything was back to the way it was before the war including the canada boundary | |
| 234766272 | Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. | |
| 234766273 | Battle of Horseshoe Round | General Andrew Jackson in South 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend in Alabama; destroyed Creek nation (GB ally) | |
| 234766274 | Battle of New Orleans | Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S. | |
| 234766275 | Push/Pull to the West | Push: Overpopulation(from 5.3 million to 9.6 million) from 1800 to 1820 Pull: New land for seaboard state farmers, defeat and removal of Indians in War of 1812, attractive price of western land ("squatters" took land before officially up for sale and claimed preemption right of purchase at lower price on account of land improvements) overrode Land Ordinance of 1785 illegally; caused Land Act of 1820 for $1.25 per acre, minimum 80 acres; down payment $100; still slightly favored more wealthy speculators | |
| 234766276 | Cumberland Gap | pass through Cumberland region of Appalachians at juncture of Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia; central lower passage part of Wilderness Road; discovered 1750 by Dr. Thomas Walker | |
| 234766277 | 2nd Great Awakening | began 1790s in New England; most dramatic on frontier; camp meetings (outdoor gatherings of many sects); Cane Ridge, KY 1801 where 20000 came together for week of preaching and singing; resident minister power reduced; women very important | |
| 234766278 | Election of 1816 | James Monroe- Era of Good Feeling | |
| 234766279 | Era of Good Feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. | |
| 234766280 | American System | created by Henry Clay wanted protective tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements | |
| 234766281 | Tariff of 1816 | first protective tariff - was to protect infant industries and placed tax on imports | |
| 234766282 | JQA border Treaties | Monroe's Secretary of State Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817- see below Conversion of 1818- Dematerialized Canada-US border and set at 49th parallel west of Rocky Mts.; joint occupancy of Oregon for 10 (later 12 years) | |
| 234766283 | Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. End of Europeans in America | |
| 234766284 | Panic of 1819 | A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank. Banks closed and called for debt to be repayed debtors couldn't pay. fault of Second Bank of the US which had tightened credit in late effort to control inflation; state banks closed, deflation of money, large increases in unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt; depression most severe in West; changed political outlook so that began seeking land reform and opposition to bank and debtor's prison | |
| 234766285 | Missouri Compromise | Missouri requested entrance into Union, which alarmed Northerners who knew slavery was prevalent there: Clay successfully proposed- Maintained balance between free and slave states Maine admitted into Union as free State (from original MA) Missouri admitted one year later as slave state Slavery prohibited north of 36 degree 30' north latitude (South Missouri boundary) and permitted to the south Most of Louisiana free ONLY TEMPORARY SOLUTION (HOW TO KEEP THE BALANCE) |
