Black Plague, One Hundred Year's War, and Challenges to the Church
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| 609510871 | Great Famine (1315-1317)(292) | This event took place 30 years before the Black Plague Europe. It may have been responsible for weakening people's immune systems, thus making them more vulnerable to the Plague. | |
| 609510873 | Black Death (1347-1351) (291-298) | This pandemic traveled from the Middle East to Italy on cargo ships. It then spread from Italy, North. Carried on flea-bearing rats, it killed 40% of Europe's population. It also killed 1/3 of Europe's clergy. | |
| 625832771 | Impacts of the Plague | People become pre-occupied with death. Some become more pious while others became more sinful. More cloth was available for book-binding. Byzantine scholars fled Constantinople and brought classical learning back to Europe. Antisemitism grew as some blamed Jews for the plague. A great of money was left to churches and universities. | |
| 609510875 | Buba (Not in text) | -central boil caused by the Black Plague -if lanced and drained repeatedly, survival was possible (this information was unknown) | |
| 622343090 | Flagellants | -people who believed the Black Plague was God's form of punishment -flagellants were religious fanatics who beat themselves in ritual penance believing such action would bring divine intervention | |
| 622343091 | Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) | This Italian author wrote the Decameron. It was a collection of stories told by people fleeing the Black Plague. It remains a major source of knowledge about this period. | |
| 622343092 | Anti-Semitism | Hatred or dislike of Jews. This increased during the Black Plague. | |
| 622343093 | Statute of Laborers | The English crown created this law in 1351, at the urging of noble land-owners. It limited wages to pre-plague levels and restricted peasant's abilities to leave their masters' lands. By 1381, it lead to a peasant revolt. | |
| 622343094 | Taille | -direct tax on the French peasantry -each household was taxed based on how much land they owned | |
| 622343095 | Jacquerie (1358) | -French peasant uprising -opposition to the taille | |
| 622343096 | Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) | religious war between England and France -started when Edward III asserted his claim to the French throne -during this war, preachers were hired to preach nationalism (loyalty one's nation and monarch) -knights became obsolete, king's needed to tax to pay infantry | |
| 622343097 | Poitiers | -greatest victory for the English -captured French king John II | |
| 622343098 | Peasant Revolt of 1381 | -Came in opposition to the 1351Statute of Laborers -peasants revolted against wage limits -the revolt failed, but convinced the nobility of the need to reform serfdom and the feudal system | |
| 622343099 | Estates General | -French representative council of townspeople, clergy, and nobles -levied taxes | |
| 622343100 | Crecy | -major victory of the English -ended the first section of the Hundred Years' War -the introduction of the Long Bow made armored knights obsolete and infantry a necessity | |
| 622343101 | Joan of Arc (1412-1431) | -claimed she was given power by God to inspire the French -gave them a sense of national identity and destiny -was later killed as a heretic due to Charles VII's apathy | |
| 622343102 | Nationalism | -the idea that Joan of Arc inspired in the Hundred Years' War | |
| 622343103 | Plenitude of Power | -papal doctrine elaborated by Pope Innocent III -It created a secular papal monarchy with a clear political mission -the pope alone could declare saints, dispose of benefices, and create a centralized papal monarchy | |
| 622343104 | Boniface VIII | -issued the papal bull Unum Sanctum and Clericis Laicos -declared that all temporal (worldly) powers were subject to the spiritual authority of the church | |
| 622343105 | Clericis Laicos | -issued by Boniface VIII -forbade lay (secular) taxation of the clergy without papal approval | |
| 622343106 | Unum sanctum (1302) | -issued by Pope Boniface VIII -declared the temporal authority was "subject" to the spiritual power of the church | |
| 622343107 | Purgatory | -waiting place before you are cast to heaven or hell -one could buy indulgences to repent sins and limit time spent here | |
| 622343108 | Curia | -papal court -the court became very adept at making money and working the European economy -the more they did this, the criticism they drew | |
| 622343109 | Marsilius of Padua (1275-1342)/Defender of the Peace (1324) | -book that stressed that the power of government did not come from the church -Marsilius felt that the state was the "defender of the peace" and thus had the true power -it should not let itself be manipulated by spiritual authorities -the church and Pope should be subject to secular law | |
| 622343110 | William of Ockham (1288-1348) /Ockham's Razor | -church critic -pamphleteer who wrote lasting tracks for the royal cause -argued that the correct theories is the "simplest" or the one that requires the fewest assumptions -criticized illogical or overly spiritual church claims | |
| 622343111 | Avignon Papacy (1305-1377) | 1309, Clement V moved the papal court to Avignon, France -people believed France was holding the Papal court captive | |
| 622343112 | Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges | -recognized the right of the French church to elect its own clergy without papal interference -prohibited the payment of annates to Rome -limited the right of appeals from French courts to the Curia in Rome | |
| 622343113 | Jean Wycliffe (1320s-1384) /Lollards | -challenged the non-biblical doctrines of the church -maintained that personal merit was the true basis of religious authority -Lollards were his English followers -preached in the vernacular | |
| 622343114 | Jan Hus(1372-1415)/Hussites | -Hussites were his Bohemian followers -he questioned the validity of sacraments performed by immoral priests | |
| 622343115 | Conciliarism | -14th century movement that felt that a council of religious officials would be more reliable than one Pope. -it eventually lost out to Pope's who allied themselves with the new monarchs | |
| 622343116 | Council of Pisa (1409-10) | -disposed of the Roman and Avignon popes to elect a third one, Alexander V -other two popes did not accept this actions | |
| 622343117 | Council of Constance (1414-17) | -asserted its supremacy and elected Martin V as new pope -council also made provisions for regular meetings | |
| 622343118 | Council of Basil (1434-1449) | - directly negotiated church doctrines with heretics -was presented with the Four Articles of Prague in 1432 | |
| 622343119 | Mongol Rule | -Mongol, or Tatar, armies swept through China, much of the Islamic world and Russia |
