World Civilizations: The Global Experience 5th Edition AP Edition
Chapter 26: "The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China"
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| 663118553 | Selim III | Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807. (p. 594) | |
| 663118554 | Mahmud II | (1785-1839) Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries their religious allies; initiated of ottoman empire on Western precedents. (p. 594) | |
| 663118555 | Tanzimat reforms | Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876. (p. 584) | |
| 663118556 | Abdul Hamid | Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908. (p. 595) | |
| 663118557 | Ottoman Society for Union and Progress | Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called the "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution. (p. 595) | |
| 663118558 | Murad | (1790-1820) Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core. (p. 598) | |
| 663118559 | Muhammad Ali | Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849). (p. 599) | |
| 663118560 | khedives | Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952. (p. 599) | |
| 663118561 | Suez Canal | Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors,; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment. (p. 599) | |
| 663118562 | al-Afghani | Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry. (p. 600) | |
| 663118563 | Muhammad Abduh | Disciple of al-Afghani; Egyptian intellectual who launched modern Islamic reform movement; said Islam should return to purity of earliest, most essential doctrines, but still flexible and reasoned approach to change and foreign social ideas. (p. 600) | |
| 663118564 | Ahmad Orabi | Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army; forced Khedive to call on British army for support. (p. 601) | |
| 663118565 | Khartoum | River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan. (p. 601) | |
| 663118566 | Muhammad Achmad | Head of a Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi. (p. 601) | |
| 663118567 | Mahdi | In Sufi belief system, a promise deliverer; also a name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan. (p. 601) | |
| 663118568 | Khalifa Abdallahi | Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defated by British General Kitchener in 1598. (p. 602) | |
| 663118569 | Nurhaci | (1559-1626) Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria, entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing. (p. 604) | |
| 663118570 | banner armies | Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty. (p. 604) | |
| 663349477 | Qing | Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south. (p. 604) | |
| 663349478 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus. (p. 604) | |
| 667388695 | compradors | Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on Chian's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world. (p. 605) | |
| 663349479 | Opium War | Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade. (p. 607) | |
| 663349480 | Lin Zexu | (1785-1850) Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War. (p. 608) | |
| 663349481 | Taiping Rebellion | Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry. (p.608) | |
| 663349482 | Hong Xuiquan | (1812-1864) Leader of the Taiping rebelling; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite. (p. 608) | |
| 663349483 | self-strengthening movement | Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders. (p. 609) | |
| 667396657 | Cixi | Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners. (p. 609) | |
| 663349484 | Boxer rebellion | Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials. (p. 609) | |
| 663349485 | Sun Yat-sen | Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925. (p. 610) | |
| 663349486 | Puyi | Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912. (p. 610) |
