AP Psychology Test 1
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| 451526365 | Psychology | the science of behavior and cognitive processes | |
| 451526366 | Structuralism (W. Wundt, Edward Titchener) | an early view of psychology suggesting that the field should focus on identifying the basic structures of the human mind (analyzed the structure and content of mental states by introspection, and was concerned with reducing experience to its basic parts) | |
| 451526367 | Functionalism (William James) | an early view of psychology suggesting that it should focus on the functions of consciousness (how the mind adapts us to our environment) | |
| 451526368 | Behaviorism (Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner) | the view that only observable, overt activities that can be measured scientifically should be studied by psychology | |
| 451526369 | multicultural perspective | in psychology, an approach that pays careful attention to the effects of ethnic and cultural forces on behavior | |
| 451526370 | evolutionary psychology | a branch of psychology suggesting that as a result of evolution, human beings possess many evolved psychological mechanisms that help (or once helped) us to deal with important problems relating to survival | |
| 451526371 | theories | in science, frameworks for explaining various events or processes | |
| 451526372 | hypotheses | testable predictions derived from theories | |
| 451526373 | confirmation bias | the tendency to notice and remember primarily information that lends support to our views | |
| 451526374 | availability heuristic | a mental shortcut suggesting that the easier it is to bring something to mind, the more frequent or important it is | |
| 451526375 | critical thinking | thinking that avoids blind acceptance of conclusions or arguments but instead closely examines all assumptions, evidence, and conclusions | |
| 451526376 | systematic observation | a basic method of science in which the natural world, or various events or processes in it, are observed and measured in a very careful manner. | |
| 451526377 | naturalistic observation | a research method in which behavior is studied in the settings where it usually occurs | |
| 451526378 | case method | a research method in which detailed information about individuals is used to develop general principles about behavior | |
| 451526379 | survey method | a research method in which large numbers of people answer questions about aspects of their views or their behavior | |
| 451526380 | sampling | in the survey method, the methods used to select persons who respond to the survey | |
| 451526381 | correlational method | a research method in which researchers attempt to determine whether, and to what extent, different variables are related to each other | |
| 451526382 | experimental method | a research method in which researchers systematically alter one or more variables in order to determine whether such changes influence some aspect of behavior | |
| 451526383 | independent variable | the variable that is systematically changed in an experiment | |
| 451526384 | dependent variable | the variable that is measured in an experiment | |
| 451526385 | Random assignments | ensuring that all research participants have an equal chance of being exposed to each level of the independent variable (that is, of being assigned to each experimental condition) | |
| 451526386 | confounding (of variables) | confusion that occurs when factors other than the independent variable are permitted to vary across experimental conditions; can invalidate the apparent results of an experiment | |
| 451526387 | experimenter effects | unintended effects, caused by researchers, on participants' behavior | |
| 451526388 | double-blind procedure | procedure in which the researchers who have contact with participants do not know the hypothesis under investigation | |
| 451526389 | deception | the temporary withholding of information about a study from participants | |
| 451526390 | informed consent | a principle requiring that research participants be provided with information about all events and procedures a study will involve before they agree to participate in it | |
| 451526391 | debriefing | providing research participants with full information about all aspects of a study after they have participated in it | |
| 451526392 | hindsight bias | we tend to believe after learning an outcome, that we would have foreseen it | |
| 451526393 | philosophy | a study of the processes regulating thought, conduct and reality | |
| 451526394 | physiology | the study of the function of living organisms | |
| 451526395 | Wilhelm Wundt | (1832-1920) founded the first formal laboratory for research in psychology at the University of Leipzig in 1879 | |
| 451526396 | G. Stanley Hall | (1844-1924) a student of Wundt, founded the first U.S. psychology lab at John Hopkins University in 1883 | |
| 451526397 | natural selection | principle that those inherited trait variations contributing to survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations | |
| 451526398 | Pyschodynamic (Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Karen Horney, Alfred Adler) | studied/emphasized the study of unconscious mental processes (argued that people's behavior is driven by sexual urges, and that most emotional conflicts date back to early childhood experiences) | |
| 451526399 | Biological (James Olds, Roger Sperry, George Miller) | focused on the biological events and processes that underlie behavior | |
| 451526400 | Humanistic (Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow) | stressed that humans have enormous potential for personal growth (emphasized importance of free will, the human ability to make choices, and the uniqueness of the individual) | |
| 451526401 | Cognitive (Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Herbert Simon, Ulric Neisser) | studied internal, mental representations that are used in perceiving, remembering, thinking and understanding | |
| 451526402 | Margaret Floy Washburn | (1871-1939) First American woman to earn a PhD in psychology | |
| 451526403 | Mary Whiton Calkins | (1863-1930) First woman president of the APA | |
| 451526404 | population | all members of a class or set from which a smaller sample may be drawn and about whom the researcher wants to draw conclusions | |
| 451526405 | sample | a subset of a population selected to participate in a study | |
| 451526406 | random sample | a sample in which every member of the population being studied has an equal chance of being picked for inclusion in the study | |
| 451526407 | biased sample | when every member of the population does not have an equal chance of being chosen | |
| 451526408 | stratified sample | one in which every relevant subgroup of the population is randomly selected in proportion to its size | |
| 451526409 | participant/subject | an individual who is actively participating in a research study | |
| 451526410 | replications | research studies that are repeated, often under different conditions in order to ensure the reliability of the results | |
| 451526411 | generalizability | the possibility of applying conclusions drawn about a research sample to the entire population being studied | |
| 451526412 | operational definition | definition of a variable in terms of the set of methods or procedures used to measure or study that variable | |
| 451526413 | experimental group | the group that is exposed to the manipulation of the independent variable | |
| 451526414 | control group | the group not exposed to the manipulation of the independent variable | |
| 451526415 | quasi-experiment | when participants are not randomly assigned to groups, you get a ____ | |
| 451526416 | positive correlation | occurs when the value of one variable increases in value as the other variable also increases in value | |
| 451526417 | negative correlation | occurs when there is an inverse relationship between the variables measured, as the value of one increases, the value of the other decreases | |
| 451526418 | correlation coefficient | this is a number that represents the strength of the relationship between the variables measured -1 < 0 < 1 | |
| 451526419 | scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables | |
| 451526420 | illusory correlation | prescient dreams (you dream it and it happens) | |
| 451526421 | inter observer reliability | the amount of agreement between two or more observers who simultaneously observe the same event | |
| 451526422 | descriptive statistics | summarize the major characterless of an array of scores | |
| 451526423 | variance | average squared distance between each score and the mean (squaring eliminates negative numbers) | |
| 451526424 | standard deviation | the average distance between each score and the mean (this is the square root of the variance) | |
| 451526425 | normal curve | a symmetrical, bell shaped frequency distribution. Most scores are found near the middle, and fewer and fewer occur toward the extremes. | |
| 451526426 | inferential statistics | statistical procedures that permit us to determine whether differences between individuals or groups are ones that are likely or unlikely to have occurred by chance | |
| 451526427 | empirical research | research that operates from the ideological position that questions about human behavior can be answered only through controlled, systematic observations in the real world | |
| 451526428 | positive skew | when the mean is greater than the median | |
| 451526429 | negative skew | when the mean is less than the median | |
| 451548220 | Leta Stetter Hollingworth | Did pioneering work on adolescent development, mental retardation, and gifted children. Also played a major role in debunking popular theories of her era that purpored to eplain why women were "inferior" to men. | |
| 451548221 | Francis Cecil sumner | first African American to hold a PhD in psychology- conducted research on race relations, equality, psychology of religion | |
| 451548222 | herbert simon | Cognitive psychologist who earned a Nobel prize for research about problem solving. |
