Equality and Civil Rights
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| 754102522 | pluralism | the theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government. The outcome of this competition is compromise and moderation | |
| 754102523 | majoritarianism | a political theory holding that in a democracy, the government ought to do what the majority of the people want. | |
| 754083711 | equality of opportunity | the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life | |
| 754083712 | equality of outcome | the idea that society must ensure that people are equal, and governments must design policies to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality is actually achieved | |
| 754083713 | invidious discrimination | discrimination against persons or groups that works to their harm and is based on animosity | |
| 754083714 | civil rights | powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbritary removal at the hands of government or individuals | |
| 754083715 | black codes | legislation enacted by former slave states to restrict the freedom of blacks ex: Jim Crow laws | |
| 754083716 | racism | a belief that human races have distinct characteristics such that one's own race is superior to, and has a right to rule, others | |
| 754083717 | poll tax | a tax of $1 or $2 on every citizen who wished to vote, first instituted in Georgia in 1877. Although it was no burden on most white citizens, it effectively disenfranchised blacks | |
| 754083718 | racial segregation | separation from society because of race | |
| 754083719 | separate-but-equal doctrine | the concept that providing separate but equivalent facilities for blacks and whites satisfies the equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment | |
| 754083720 | desegregation | the ending of authorized segregation, or separation by race | |
| 754083721 | de jure segregation | government imposed segregation | |
| 754083722 | de facto segregation | segregation that is not the result of government influence | |
| 754083723 | civil rights movement | the mass mobilization during the 1960s that sought to gain equality of rights and opportunities for blacks in the South and to a lesser extent in the north, mainly through nonviolent, unconventional means of participation | |
| 754083724 | boycott | a refusal to do business with a firm, individual, or nation as an expression of disapproval or as a means of coercion | |
| 754083725 | civil disobedience | the willful but nonviolent breach of laws that are regarded as unjust | |
| 754083726 | set-aside | a purchasing or contracting provision that reserves a certain percentage of funds for minority-owned contractors | |
| 754083727 | protectionism | the notion that women must be protected from life's cruelties, until the 1970s, the basis for laws affecting women's civil rights | |
| 754083728 | Nineteenth Amendment | the amendment to the constitution, adopted in 1920, that ensures women of the right to vote | |
| 754083729 | sexism | invidious sex discrimination | |
| 754083730 | Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) | a failed constitutional amendment introduced by the national women's party in 1923, declaring that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or any state on account of sex" | |
| 754083731 | affirmative action | any of a wide range of programs, from special recruitment efforts to numerical quotas, aimed at expanding opportunities for women and minority groups | |
| 754083732 | 13th Amendment | abolished slavery | |
| 754083733 | 14th Amendment | made ex-slaves US citizens | |
| 754083734 | 15th Amendment | US & state governments can't take away the rights of US citizens | |
| 754083735 | 19th Amendment | gave women the right to vote | |
| 754083736 | 24th Amendment | banned poll taxes in primary and general elections for national office | |
| 754083737 | Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education (1969) | all school segregation must stop | |
| 754083738 | Swann v. Charlotte Mecklenburg County Schools (1971) | lower courts have the right to order busing | |
| 754083739 | "white flight" | whites left the cities and moved to the suburbs | |
| 754083740 | Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | racial segregation became constitutional | |
| 754083741 | Brown V. Board of Education (1954) | racial segregation became unconstitutional | |
| 754083742 | Brown V. Board of Education II (1955) | racial desegregation implementation | |
| 754083743 | Regents of U. of California v. Bakke (1978) | affirmative action | |
| 754083744 | US. v. Virginia (1996) | gender equality | |
| 754083745 | Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) | association rights-boycotts v. gays | |
| 754083746 | Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) | affirmative action | |
| 754083747 | Parents Community Schools v. Seattle (2007) | Public school racial diversity | |
| 754083748 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | -entitled all people to "full and equal enjoyment" of goods, services, and priveleges in public places w/o discrimination of race, color, religion, or national origin -established right to equality in employment opportunity -strengthened voting rights legislation -created equal employment opportunity commission (eeoc) and charged w/ hearing & investigating complaints of job discrimination -provided that funds could be withheld from federally assisted programs administered in a discriminatory manner | |
| 754083749 | Economic Opportunity Act | provided education and training to combat poverty | |
| 754083750 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | empowered Attorney General to send voter registration supervisors to areas in which fewer than half of eligible minority voters were registered- doubled black voter registration | |
| 754083751 | Fair Housing Act of 1968 | banned discrimination in rental and sale of most housing | |
| 754083752 | Stonewall Inn | gay club in new york that was raided for being a homosexual establishment |
