Mrs. Clark's AP Human Geography Class Vocabulary list for Chapter One of Rubenstein's 9th Edition textbook.
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| 848983287 | absolute location | The position of place of a certain item on the surface of the Earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude, 0° to 90° north or south of the equator, and longitude, 0° to 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian passing through Greenwich, England. | |
| 848996235 | accessibility | the degree of ease with which it is possible to reach a certain location from other locations, __________ varies from place to place and can be measured | |
| 849012590 | activity spaces | the space in which daily activity occurs | |
| 848983288 | azimuthal (polar) projection | A map which shows true compass directions; longitude lines are straight and latitude lines are circles; distorts shape and size more toward the outer edges. | |
| 194028060 | base line | An east-west line designated under the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States. | |
| 425816899 | cartogram | A special kind of map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to present economic or other kinds of data for comparison. | |
| 194028061 | cartography | The science of making maps. | |
| 848983289 | chorography | describes places smaller on the earth, such as countries | |
| 425809808 | choropleth map | A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area. | |
| 849012591 | concentration | the spread of something over a given area | |
| 848983290 | conformal projection | a map projection in which a small area is rendered in its true shape | |
| 848983291 | conic projection | a map projection of the globe onto a cone with its point over one of the earth's poles | |
| 849012592 | connections | relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space | |
| 849012593 | connectivity | the degree of direct linkage between one particular location and other locations in a transport network | |
| 849012594 | contagious diffusion | the rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population | |
| 848983292 | contour map | an isoline map showing heights at regular intervals above sea level by means of contour lines, used in topography | |
| 848983293 | cylindrical projection | a type of map projection in which distances measured along the equator are correct, but become more distorted along the poles | |
| 849012595 | density | the frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area | |
| 849012596 | diffusion | the process or spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time | |
| 849012597 | distance decay | the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin | |
| 848983294 | distances | measurement of the physical space between two places | |
| 849012598 | distribution | the arrangement of something across Earth's surface | |
| 425816901 | dot map | Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population. | |
| 848996236 | environmental determinism | a nineteenth- and early twentieth century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment caused human activities | |
| 848983295 | equal-area projection | shows the size of regions in correct relation to one another but distorts shape | |
| 425809832 | Eratosthenes | The head librarian at Alexandria during the third century B.C.; he was one of the first cartographers. Performed a remarkably accurate computation of the earth's circumference. He is also credited with coining the term "geography." | |
| 849012599 | expansion diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process | |
| 848996237 | formal (or uniform/homogeneous) region | an area in which everyone shares on one or more distinctive characteristics | |
| 425826008 | fractional (representative fraction) scale | A way of representing scale on a map with a fraction or ratio. Eg: 1/24,000 or 1:24,000 The left handed side represents distance on the map. The right handed side represents distance on the Earth. | |
| 849012600 | friction of distance | a measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places | |
| 848996238 | functional (or nodal) region | an area organized around a node or focal point | |
| 425809830 | generalized maps | Maps that show general trends, but do not show all cases of a given phenomena. The scale may be too broad to show all information. | |
| 848983296 | Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data | |
| 848983297 | Global Positioning System (GPS) | a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers. | |
| 849012601 | globalization | actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope | |
| 848983298 | globe | a sphere on which a map is represented | |
| 425816902 | graduated circle (or proportional symbol) maps | The size of the symbol indicates the relative magnitude of some value for a given geographic region. The larger the circle the more frequent something happens. | |
| 425826009 | graphic scale (bar scale) | ruler printed on the map and is used to convert distances on the map | |
| 848983299 | Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) | the time in the zone encompassing the prime meridian, or 0 degrees longitude | |
| 848996239 | hearth | the region from which innovative ideas originate | |
| 849012602 | hierarchical diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places | |
| 194032573 | Human Geography | the political/cultural branch of geography concerned with the social science aspects of how the world is physically arranged | |
| 848996240 | human-environment interaction | relationship between people and environment; the second theme of geography | |
| 848983300 | International Date Line | an arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross this line heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours. When you cross the line going west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day. | |
| 425809798 | isoline map | Map displaying lines that connect points of equal value; for example, a map showing elevation levels | |
| 194028084 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | A law that divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers. | |
| 849012603 | landscape | the overall appearance of an area. Most ___________ are comprised of a combination of natural and human-induced influences | |
| 425826010 | large scale | A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. Large-scale maps usually have higher resolution and cover much smaller regions than small-scale maps. | |
| 848983301 | latitude | the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance N and S of the equator (0 degrees) | |
| 848983302 | location | the position of anything on Earth's surface; the first theme of geography | |
| 848983303 | longitude | the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance E and W of the prime meridian (0 degrees) | |
| 194028088 | map | A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it, also called a projection | |
| 848983304 | mental map | a representation of a portion of the earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located | |
| 425821350 | Mercator Projection | A true conformal cylindrical map projection, the Mercator projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction. Mercator projections are famous for their distortion in area that makes landmasses at the poles appear oversized. | |
| 848983305 | meridian | an arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles | |
| 849012604 | movement | the fifth theme of geography; the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet | |
| 848983306 | oblate spheroid | a sphere that flattens at its poles and bulges at its equator, the shape of the earth | |
| 848983307 | parallel | a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians | |
| 849012605 | pattern | the geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area | |
| 848983308 | perceptions of places | belief or "understanding" about a place developed through books, movies, stories, and pictures | |
| 425821349 | Peters Projection | A cylindrical map projection that attempts to retain accurate sizes of all the world's land masses | |
| 848983309 | physical geography | the study of physical features of the earth's surface | |
| 848983310 | physical map | a map that shows mountains, hills, plains, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. | |
| 194028094 | place | A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character. Also defined as a geographical term that describes the unique physical and human characteristics of a location; the fourth theme of geography | |
| 849012606 | placelessness | defined by the geographer Edward Relph as the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape so that one place looks like the next | |
| 848996241 | polder | land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area | |
| 848983311 | political map | a map that shows man-made features such as city, state, and country boundaries | |
| 848996242 | possibilism | the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives | |
| 848983312 | prime meridian | the meridian, designated at 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England | |
| 194028098 | principal meridian | A north-south line designated in the Land Ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States. | |
| 194028099 | projection | The system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map, also simply a flat map. | |
| 848983313 | reference maps | maps that show the absolute location of places and geographic features determined by a frame of ___________, typically latitude and longitude. | |
| 848996243 | region | an area defined by an unique combination of one or more natural or cultural characteristics that set it apart from other areas, the third theme of geography | |
| 848996244 | regional (or cultural landscape) studies | an approach to geography that emphasizes the relationship among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area | |
| 848983314 | relative location | the regional position or situation of a place in ___________ to the position of other places | |
| 849012607 | relocation diffusion | the spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another | |
| 848983315 | remote sensing | the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods. | |
| 849012608 | resource | a substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use | |
| 425821348 | Robinson Projection | Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each. | |
| 194028105 | scale | Generally, the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole, specifically the relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface. | |
| 194028106 | sections | A square normally one (1) mile on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections. | |
| 848983316 | sense of place | state of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character | |
| 849012609 | sequent occupance | the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape | |
| 848983317 | site | the physical character of the place | |
| 848983318 | situation | the location of a place relative to other places | |
| 425826011 | small scale | Map scale ratio in which the ratio of units on the map to units on the earth is quite small; usually depict large areas | |
| 194028109 | space | The physical gap or interval between two objects. | |
| 849012610 | space-time compression | the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems | |
| 849012611 | spatial | pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space | |
| 849012612 | spatial distribution | the patterns of geographic features over Earth's surface | |
| 849012613 | spatial interaction | the movement (e.g.. of people, goods, information) between different places; an indication of interdependence between different geographic locations or areas | |
| 849012614 | spatial perspective | an intellectual framework that looks at the locations of specific phenomena, how and why that phenomena is, and finally, how it is spatially related to phenomena in another place | |
| 849012615 | stimulus diffusion | the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected | |
| 848983319 | thematic layers | individual maps of specific features that are overlaid on one another in a Geographical Information System to understand and analyze a spatial relationship | |
| 848983320 | thematic maps | Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomenon | |
| 848983321 | topography | the surface features of a place or region. The ____________ of a region includes hills, valleys, streams, lakes, bridges, tunnels, and roads. | |
| 848983322 | toponym | the name given to a portion of the earth's surface | |
| 194042991 | township | A square normally 6 miles on a side. The Land Ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships. | |
| 849012616 | transnational corporation | a company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located | |
| 849012617 | uneven development | the increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy | |
| 425826012 | verbal scale | description of scale using words "one inch equal four miles" | |
| 848996245 | vernacular (perceptual) region | an area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity |
