These flashcards/notes based on the Advanced Placement European History Textbook "A History Of Western Society", 8th Edition. McKay. Houghton Mifflin.Chapter 16.
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| 247084589 | Absolutism | form of government in which sovereignty is vested in a single person, the king or queen; the divine right of king | |
| 247084590 | Cabinet System | political system where heads of governmental administrative departments serve as a group to advise the head of state | |
| 247084591 | Constitutionalism | implies a balance between authority and power of the government on the one hand, and on the other hand the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen | |
| 247084592 | Dutch East India Company | a joint stock company chartered by the States-General of the Netherlands to expand trade and promote relations between the Xdutch government and its colonial ventures. It established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope (1652), and in the 1630s it paid a return of 35% on investments. | |
| 247084593 | French Classicism | style of French art, architecture, and literature (ca. 1600-1750), based on admiration and imitation of Greek and Roman models but with greater exuberance and complexity. | |
| 247084594 | Fronde | series of violent uprisings during the minority of Louis XIV triggered by oppressive taxation of the common people; the last attempt of the French nobility to resist the king by arms. | |
| 247084595 | Mercantilism | prevailing economic theory that rested on the premise that a nations power and wealth were determined by its supply of precious metal which were to be acquired by increasing exports (paid for with gold) and reducing imports to achieve domestic self-sufficiency; remained the dominant theory until the Industrial Revelation | |
| 247084596 | Peace of Utrecht | series of treaties that ended the War of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire. | |
| 247084597 | Puritans | members of a reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, such as bishops, elaborate ceremonial, the wedding ring. Calvinist in theology, Puritanism had broad social, ethical and political implications. | |
| 247084598 | Raison Detat | political theory articulated by French statesmen Richelieu (1585-1642) that holds that the interests and needs of the state may take precedence over traditional moral and international law. | |
| 247084599 | Republican Government | non-monarchial government | |
| 247084600 | Second Treatise on Civil Government | by English political philosopher John Locke, a justification of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89 and of the peoples right of revolution; a defense of the rights of property; it supported a system of checks and balances as (later) embodied in the U.S. Constitution. | |
| 247084601 | Sovereignty | the supreme authority in a political community | |
| 247084602 | Stadholder | its representative, or chief executive officer in each province; in the 17 th century that position was held by the sons of William the Silent of the House of Orange and was largely ceremonial. | |
| 247084603 | States General | term used by the national assembly of the United Provinces of the Netherlands where the wealthy merchant class held real power; because many issues had to be refereed back to the provinces, the United Provinces was a confederation, or weak union of a strong states. | |
| 247084604 | Who was the devout Catholic leader of Spain who's palace was named "El Escorial"? | Philip II | |
| 247084605 | What was "El Escorial"? | Philip II's grand palace | |
| 247084606 | Who married Philip II? Philip's first cousin | "Bloody" Mary Tudor | |
| 247084607 | What was the "Dutch" Century? | 17th century; mostly Protestants; stable, thriving economy | |
| 247084608 | What are Joint-Stock Companies? | Basically investors | |
| 247084609 | Why was there a "Golden Age" of artists and thinkers after Capitalism was instituted? | Because with Capitalism there was less censorship. | |
| 247084610 | What was the "Protestant Work Ethic"? | Thrift and frugality; the idea that those who work hard get rewarded by God with success | |
| 247084611 | Who did Japan allow to trade with them although Japan was xenophobic at that time? | The Dutch | |
| 247084612 | Who was Rene Descartes? | a French philosopher | |
| 247084613 | Regents held ________ | virtually all power in the Dutch Federation | |
| 247084614 | Stadholders were responsible for ____________ | defense and order in the Dutch Federation | |
| 247084615 | States General was associated with __________ | foreign affairs in the Dutch Federation | |
| 247084616 | Who turned to the institution of Parliament in order to get the people of England to trust her as a lone queen ruler? | Elizabeth I | |
| 247084617 | Who came after Elizabeth I, was her opposite, and believed in the Divine Right of Kings? | James Stewart; James VI of Scotland; James I of England | |
| 247084618 | Magna Carta | a list of demands made by the nobility that established limited power of the king | |
| 247084619 | Who alienated the Puritans by his strong defense of the Anglican Church? | James I | |
| 247084620 | Gunpowder Plot | an attempt by some provincial Catholics to kill King James I and most of the Parliament aristocracy; Guy Fawkes | |
| 247084621 | Who attempted to force the Anglican Book of Common Prayer - formally for England - onto Scottland? Also, he clashed with Parliament. | Charles I | |
| 247084622 | Petition of Rights | In return for money to fund his wars, Charles I agreed to this, but then ignored it, dissolving Parliament. | |
| 247084623 | The Interregnum Period | England's period without a king; Oliver Cromwell ruled with the Rump Parliament after Charles was beheaded | |
| 247084624 | Instrument of Government | Constitutional Republic; constitution created by Oliver Cromwell | |
| 247084625 | Who was so unlike his father in that he favored religious toleration yet had secret Catholic sympathies? | Charles II | |
| 247084626 | The Glorious Revolution | Throne was offered jointly to James II's daughter Mary who was raised a Protestand and her husband William of Orange | |
| 247084627 | How did the Thirty Years' War basically begin? | as struggles between the religion groups of Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists | |
| 247084628 | Where did the Thirty Years' War begin? | Bohemia | |
| 247084629 | Defenestration | literally, "to be thrown out a window"; the Defenestration of Prague | |
| 247084630 | Who helped Bohemians convert to Protestantism? | Jan Huss | |
| 247084631 | Who made up the Holy Roman Empire in the Thirty Years' War? | The Austrian and Spanish | |
| 247084632 | Who made up the Protestant side of the Thirty Years' War? | The Danish, Dutch, and, above all, France and Sweden | |
| 247084633 | The Thirty Years' War started off __________ and ended _____________. | religious; political | |
| 247084634 | Marauder | soldier who lives off civilians' farms and stores; took what he wanted | |
| 247084635 | What did the Marauders help result in during the Thirty Years' War? | civilians having nothing, therefore starving to death; 7 1/2 million died | |
| 247084636 | The Thirty Years' War limited the power of the _____________ and decentralized _________. | Holy Roman Empire; Germany | |
| 247084637 | Spain weakened and was forced to accept the independence of the __________ in 1648. | Dutch Republic | |
| 247084638 | ___________ became the dominant power in Europe after the Thirty Years' War. | France | |
| 247084639 | _____________ became independent after the Thirty Years' War. | Switzerland | |
| 247084640 | ______ and ______ emerged as local superpowers after the Thirty Yeras' War. | Sweden; Austria | |
| 247084641 | Serfdom | feudal system, the use of serfs, slaves, to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions | |
| 247084642 | Europe in 1740 was mostly _______, __________, and __________. | Prussia; Russia; Austria | |
| 247084643 | Themes in Russian History | Expansion by conquest; The necesity of a strong, central government | |
| 247084644 | Who imposed a quite ludicrous "Beard Tax" in order to follow English style? | Peter the Great | |
| 247084645 | __________ modernized Russia and introduced them to the West. | Peter the Great | |
| 247084646 | Which country followed the Portuguese lead and explored the Atlantic, soon surpassing its Iberian neighbor in colonies, wealth and military power? | Spain | |
| 247084647 | Under the intelligent guidance of __________, prime minister to Louis XIII, the central government brought peace, prosperity, and stability to the realm during the first half of the 17th century. | Cardinal Richelieu | |
| 247084648 | The Austrian ______ confronted the powerful Muslim_________ in an attempt to expand their control of Eastern Europe | Hapsburgs; Ottoman Turks | |
| 247084649 | Ivan the Terrible | an autocratic expansionist who limited the power of the nobles - boyars -, expanded the realm, and solidified the role of czar. | |
| 247084650 | Mercantilism insisted on a favorable balance of ________. | trade | |
| 247084651 | French Protestants tended to be ________ 1. poor peasants. 2. the power behind the throne of Louis XIV. 3. a financial burden for France. 4. clever business people. | 4. clever business people | |
| 247084652 | The War of the Spanish Succession began when Charles II of Spain left his territories to ___________, thus making possible the union of the French and Spanish Crowns. Charles II endangered the balance of power in Europe. | the French heir | |
| 247084653 | Cardinal Richelieu's most notable accomplishment was __________________. | the creation of a highly effective administration system | |
| 247084654 | The English Long Parliament enacted legislation _________ - for or against - absolutism. | against | |
| 247084655 | The Peace of Utrecht in 1713 represented the ____________ principle in action. | balance-of-power | |
| 247084656 | The downfall of Spain in the seventeenth century can be blamed on weak and ineffective ___________s. | monarch | |
| 247084657 | John Locke | was a proponent of the idea that the purpose of government is to protect life, liberty, and property | |
| 247084658 | While the years in this chapter were dark days for Spain, France, Germany, and England, ___________ saw their own golden age. | the Netherlands | |
| 247084659 | In the German Empire, the ____________________ placed territorial sovereignty in the princes' hands. | Peace of Westphalia |
