Meyer's Psychology for AP unit 6, learning
Terms : Hide Images
| 519267479 | classical conditioning | a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus | |
| 519267480 | Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs, classical conditioning | |
| 519267481 | unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. | |
| 519267482 | conditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response | |
| 519267483 | unconditioned response | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | |
| 519267484 | conditioned response | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). | |
| 519267485 | extinction | a conditioning process in which the reinforcer is removed and response fades | |
| 519267486 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | |
| 519267487 | generalization | transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus. (different tones) | |
| 519267488 | stimulus discrimination | process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other stimuli | |
| 519267489 | aversive stimuli | physical or psychological discomfort stimuli that an organism seeks to escape or avoid. | |
| 519267490 | John Watson | Founder of behaviorism | |
| 519267491 | phobia | fear | |
| 519267492 | Little Albert | subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles | |
| 519267493 | counterconditioning | a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. | |
| 519267494 | Edward Thorndike | Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes. | |
| 519267495 | Albert Bandura | Researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment | |
| 519267496 | vicarious conditioning | classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. living vicariously | |
| 519267497 | Garcia effect | Named after researcher John Garcia, it is basically food aversion that occurs when people attribute illness to a particular food. | |
| 519267498 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | |
| 519267499 | Tolman | cognition; studied rats and discovered the "cognitive map" in rats and humans | |
| 519267500 | operant learning | depends on what happens after the response( in classical conditioning it's what happens before the response) | |
| 519267501 | Skinner | United States psychologist and a leading proponent of behaviorism (1904-1990) | |
| 519267502 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. | |
| 519267503 | negative reinforcement | increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. stopping an annoying stim | |
| 519267504 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment | |
| 519267505 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake | |
| 519267506 | positive punishment | the application of an aversive stimulus after a response. spanking | |
| 519267507 | negative punishment | punishment that occurs with the removal of a stimulus. grounding. | |
| 519267508 | instinctive drift | The tendency for an animal's innate responses to interfere with conditioning processes. | |
| 519267509 | Premack principal | reinforcement depends on the situation; rewards vary with individual | |
| 519267510 | Wolfgang Kohler | researcher who studied insight learning in chimps | |
| 519267511 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | |
| 519267512 | secondary reinforcer | a reinforcement that represents a primary enforcer such as Money. Green paper has no actual value but it represents things you can buy. | |
| 519267513 | behavior modification | psychotherapy that seeks to extinguish or inhibit abnormal or maladaptive behavior by reinforcing desired behavior and extinguishing undesired behavior | |
| 519267514 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | |
| 519267515 | intermittent reinforcement | an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement | |
| 519267516 | fixed ratio reinforcement | schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same | |
| 519267517 | variable ratio reinforcement | schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is different for each trial or event | |
| 519267518 | fixed interval reinforcement | schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same | |
| 519267519 | variable interval reinforcement | schedule of reinforcement in which the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event. | |
| 519267520 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | |
| 519267521 | chaining | in operant conditioning, combining the steps of a sequence to progress toward a final action | |
| 519267522 | observational learning | learning by watching others | |
| 519267523 | backward conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is presented shortly after the unconditioned stimulus on each trial | |
| 519267524 | delayed conditioning | conditioning procedure in which the onset of the NS precedes the onset of the US, and the two stimuli overlap | |
| 519267525 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
