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| 787518788 | Atlantic Charter | Roosevelt puts this forward to advocate for esablishment of international organization to replace League of Nations --> UN | |
| 787518789 | United Nations | formed as a result of Atlantic Charter, based in NY to ensure US participation | |
| 787518790 | Revanchism | revenge, Fascism discredited --> no longer stated policy of national governments (partly due to expulsion of ethnic Germans) | |
| 787518791 | democratic governments | these emerge & improve economic conditions in Europe | |
| 787518792 | social contract | class conflict replaced by this, workers receive full employment, living wages & social welfare | |
| 787518793 | Traditionalists | believe Soviet Union was fundamentally responsible for Cold War | |
| 787518794 | Revisionists | believe US w/ postwar economic downturn was seeking to make world safe for American trade rather than democracy during Cold War | |
| 787518795 | Post-Revisionists | middle ground, believe Soviet Union bore grunt of responsibility for Cold War, but US was more active than Traditionalists think | |
| 787518796 | Yalta Conference | Big Three agreed to temporary division of Germany --> divided into 4 zones (France also receives zone), each occupying power would collect reparations on their own --> Western Allies fear this would leave German economy helpless w/ Britain & US paying bills --> Western Allies end collection of reparations --> goods stop flowing to Soviet Union | |
| 787518797 | Allied Control Council | makes joint decisions regarding temporary division of Germany --> Soviet Union obviously transforms zone differently than other Western Allies | |
| 787518798 | Iran | Soviets & British jointly divided/occupied this, agreement to both leave at end of war --> Soviets refuse to leave & demand oil concessions --> Britain sends warships into Persian Gulf --> Stalin removes troops | |
| 787518799 | Turkey | Stalin tries to intimidate this neutral nation into granting Soviets naval bases --> massed troops along common border --> realizes US would fight to protect & backs down | |
| 788060995 | Containment | Soviets viewed US as ideological enemy & would never seek to find means for coexistence --> this policy --> first tested in Greece w/ Communist-led insurgency against new government, GB lacked resources to continue supporting Greek government (major Soviet opportunity) --> Truman Doctrine | |
| 788061002 | Truman Doctrine | asks for money to be given to Greek & Turkish governments | |
| 788061013 | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | US establishes this, permanent alliances w/ foreign powers | |
| 788061016 | iron curtain | Soviet dominance over Eastern Europe | |
| 788061021 | Percentages Agreement | Churchill meets w/ Stalin to discuss this, divides nations of Europe into spheres of influences based on percentages | |
| 788061024 | Declaration of Liberated Europe | in Axis/liberated countries, governments were to be formed as democratic & free elections should be held ASAP, British & Americans get Soviets to accept this at Yalta | |
| 788061026 | Katyn forests | role of Soviets revealed in murder of Polish officers here at start of war --> hatred towards Communist control in Poland grows worse | |
| 788061028 | "People's Democracies" | go-slow program, not yet full-fledged Communist system, Soviets viewed as liberators in comparison to horrors of German dominance | |
| 788061030 | Marshall Plan | offer of money from this to all nations of Europe --> Stalin views as Western threat to informal Soviet control --> asserts more direct control | |
| 788061031 | "salami" tactics | used in Hungary, intimidation/false plots against non-Communist leaders sliced away from body politic | |
| 788061034 | Abdul Nassar | Egyptian President, nationalizes British controlled Suez Canal --> Britain/France/Israel plan surprise attack --> back off when Americans & Soviets demand withdrawal | |
| 788061035 | Ghana | first to declare independence in sub-Saharan Africa, easier to declare independence in nations w/ less British settlers | |
| 788061036 | Israel | Jewish state founded --> attacked by Arab neighbors --> pushes back enemies | |
| 788061040 | Palestine | British withdraws from here --> UN to determine fate | |
| 788061042 | India | US didn't want Britain to maintain imperial empire & Britain dependent on American loans --> Britain concedes & this nation declares independence | |
| 788061044 | Indonesia | Dutch recognize this nation's independence | |
| 788061046 | Vietnam | Nationalist movement led by Ho Chi Minh --> France divides this nation into 2 states - northern Communist-led, & southern US republic | |
| 788061049 | Ho Chi Minh | leads Nationalist movement in Vietnam | |
| 788061051 | Algeria | France wants to hold on to this nation to restore its national honor --> de Gaulle takes helm of government & grants independence | |
| 788061053 | Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) | handled money provided by US through Marshall Plan, lowered tariffs, eliminated trade barriers | |
| 788061055 | European Coal & Steel Community (ECSC) | combined/administered steel/coal resources of member states --> war between member states becomes materially impossible | |
| 788061057 | European Parliament | established to guide ECSC | |
| 788061059 | Treaty of Rome | signed by members of ECSC --> European Economic Community/Common Market | |
| 788061061 | European Economic Community/Common Market | lifted almost all trade restrictions among member states | |
| 788061063 | European Single Act | free movement of capital, labor, banking & insurance | |
| 788061065 | Maastricht Treaty | establishment of common currency (Euro), increased cooperation in defense, justice & environmental affairs --> EEC becomes European Union (EU) | |
| 788061066 | European Union (EU) | formerly EEC, addd nations that were previously members of Warsaw Pact & Soviet Union, Turkey entered into negotiations (controversial b/c doubt that it could meet economic targets, questionable commitment to human rights, Muslim state w/ large population) | |
| 788061069 | European Constitution | desire to make EU work more efficiently w/ expansion, all EU members must approve, France votes "no" | |
| 788061071 | Clement Attlee & Labour Party | replaces Churchill & Conservative Party in Great Britain | |
| 788061073 | Sir William Beveridge | recommended all adults pay weekly contribution in return for benefits paid to sick, unemployed, retired & widowed | |
| 788061075 | National Health Service (NHS) | comprehensive health system of free health care, Labour Party establishes this w/ social welfare program | |
| 788061077 | Bank of England | government takes control of this & railroads, electric/iron/steel industries | |
| 788061079 | "Age of Austerity" | Great Britain a major debtor to US from Nazi onslaught while remaining committed to military expenditures | |
| 788061081 | "Politics of Consensus" | general agreement on need to provide social services & government should pay large role in management of economy, Labour Party exhausted from pace of change = opportunity for Churchill's Conservatives | |
| 788061083 | Bloody Sunday | surge of violence by Irish Republican Army in opposition to British presence in Northern Ireland | |
| 788061086 | Margaret Thatcher | Labour government unable to deal w/ wave of strikes --> opportunity for Conservative Party led by this person | |
| 788061088 | "winter of discontent" | wave of strikes in Great Britain | |
| 788061090 | Thatcherism | tight control over money supply to reduce inflation, sharp cuts in public spending & cuts in taxes, esp. for higher earners, reduced power of trade unions & put economy under control of government | |
| 788061092 | John Major | Thatcher's failed attempts to introduce market principles into running of NHS/education system & hostility toward further European integration --> resignation, replaced by this person who was more pro-European & signed Maastricht Treaty | |
| 788061095 | Tony Blair | led Labour Party to triumph w/ "New Labour" | |
| 788061097 | "New Labour" | focused on improving social services, reforming House of Lords & transferring power from Westminster toward regional parliaments in Wales/Scotland | |
| 788061099 | Jacques Chirac | French President finally addresses role in deportation of Jews to Germany after difficult Vichy years propagating myths | |
| 788061102 | Charles de Gaulle | exiled leader of French government, returns to politics to establish Fifth Republic, vetoes Britain's attempt to enter Common Market, refuses to sign Limited Test Ban, explodes first hydrogen bomb, independent foreign policy w/ withdrawal from NATO & recognition of communist government in China | |
| 788061108 | Monnet Plan | France implements this economic plan --> establishes Commissaritat General du Plan (CGP) | |
| 788061110 | Commissaritat General du Plan (CGP) | nonpolitical technocrats to run economy in France | |
| 788061112 | Americanization | increased foreign investment & rational central planning --> economy begins to take off w/ this idea --> more students pursue higher education --> student revolts in Paris (demand for thorough reordering of French society) | |
| 788061114 | Francois Mitterrand | Socialist, elected president of France, focuses on social reform programs & issue of unemployment | |
| 788061116 | Jacques Chirac | Gaullist mayor, replaces Mitterrand in France, committed to healing social ills (racism, labor strikes), tax cuts & job programs | |
| 788061117 | Nicholas Sarkozy | Conservative, succeeds Chirac in France, controlled immigration policy & development plan to modernize | |
| 788061118 | Christian Democrats Party | fall of Mussolini's government in Italy --> establishment of republic led by this party | |
| 788061119 | Antonio Gramsci | influences Communists as significant opposition party | |
| 788061120 | "economic miracle" | Italy's outstanding economic progress | |
| 788061121 | Institute for Industrial Reconstruction (IRI) | large role played by Italian state through this - controlled shipbuilding, airlines, metallurgy & chemical industry, early commitment to Common Market | |
| 788061122 | "Southern question" | cheap labor supply from South, addressing poverty of south from Mussolini's exile of political opponents, land reform/five-year plans helped, but significant economic gap between north & south | |
| 788099780 | Red Brigade | political terrorism from extreme left, kidnaps & murders former Prime Minister Also Moro in Italy | |
| 788099782 | Romano Prodi | frequent changes of government & corruption in Italy, this person of Olive Tree Party succeeds conservative Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi | |
| 788099785 | Berlin | divided into 4 occupation zones, US & Britain introduce new currency into occupation zones w/o Soviet approval --> Stalin blockades Berlin & cuts off from West | |
| 788099791 | Berlin Airlift | US sends supplies by air to Berlin --> Stalin lifts blockade | |
| 788099793 | Federal Republic of Germany | US, Great Britain & France combine zones of Berlin to create this --> rearms & enters NATO | |
| 788099801 | German Democratic Republic | Soviet Union declares eastern Germany as this Communist-dominated zone | |
| 788099804 | Nikita Khrushchev | Soviet Premier, gives ultimatum to West to stay 6 months in Berlin, then pull out troops & Berlin becomes free city w/ access controlled by East --> President Eisenhower refuses | |
| 788099806 | Berlin War | concrete barrier between East & West Berlin, East deemed to be necessary b/c educated elite leaving for West, did not impact presence of Western troops, free access to city & political self-determination for West Berlin --> beneficial overall b/c acceptance by both sides of divided city | |
| 788099808 | Konrad Adenauer | anti-Nazi German conservative, head of Christian Democratic Union, dominated Federal Republic of Germany, feared Soviet Union --> preferred West German state tied to West rather than unified Germany w/ forced neutrality, paid compensation to Jewish victims of Holocaust & direct payments to Israel | |
| 788099814 | postwar economic miracle | economic growth from influx of Germans from east --> increased wages & new luxuries | |
| 788099819 | Gerhard Ritter | minister of economics, led postwar economic miracle | |
| 788099823 | Social Democrats | drop Marxist language of class struggle & win elections in Germany | |
| 788099828 | Willy Brandt | lead Social Democrats to win elections in Germany | |
| 788099831 | Ostpolitik | necessary to reach out to Soviets & satellite states in Eastern Europe --> treaties w/ Soviet Union/Poland/Czechoslovakia & de facto recognition of East German state | |
| 788099836 | Helmut Schmidt | Social Democrat, succeeded Willy Brandt | |
| 788099839 | Helmut Kohl | CDU makes electoral comeback w/ this person, surge in conservative politics | |
| 788099844 | German reunification in 1990 | Kohl brings this & promotes Maastricht Treaty | |
| 788099845 | Gerhard Schroder | high unemployment & problems lead to this Social Democrat, reforms perceived as dismantlement of welfare state | |
| 788099848 | Angela Merkel | CDU, first female chancellor of Germany, coalition deal w/ Social Democrats | |
| 788120513 | Warsaw Pact | Soviet Union prioritizes establishment of satellite states in Eastern Europe --> creates this for military ties | |
| 788120514 | COMENCON | Soviet Union prioritizes establishment of satellite states in Eastern Europe --> creates this to link economies | |
| 788120515 | Hungary | reform-minded Communists liberalize government to create a multiparty system, pull out of Warsaw Pact & reestablish as neutral nation --> Soviets threaten satellite system & crush reforms | |
| 788120516 | Nikita Khrushchev | replaces Stalin, reforms must stay within guidelines offered by Marxist-Leninism, tensions between US & Soviets heighten when Soviets shoot down American U-2 spy plane in Russia & place missiles in Cuba | |
| 788120517 | Leonid Brezhnev | succeeded Khrushchev, strengthened role of party bureaucracy/KGB & clamps down on reform in satellite states | |
| 788120518 | "Prague Spring" | Czechoslovakia dissatisfied --> this reform movement attempts to bring out more humanistic socialism within certain limits (Soviet Bloc) --> Brezhnev views as threat to Warsaw Pact | |
| 788120519 | Soviet Bloc | more humanistic socialism within certain limits | |
| 788120520 | "Brezhnev Doctrine" | Soviet Union would support any Eastern communist nation experiencing internal strife --> reform movement crushed in Czechoslovakia | |
| 788120521 | Pope John Paul II | Polish Cardinal Karol Wojtyla elected this --> massive strike at Lenin shipyard in Gdansk led by Lech Walesa demands right to form independent trade union (solidarity, aided by Catholic Church) --> government forced to negotiate b/c of economy --> promise for multiparty elections --> defeat of all Communist candidates | |
| 788120522 | Mikhail Gorbachev | reform-minded, takes charge --> opposes "Brezhnev Doctrine" | |
| 788120523 | glasnost | openness in debate, Gorbachev accepts need for this after disasters of Soviet invasion in Afghanistan & nuclear accident at Chernobyl (heightened desire for change) | |
| 788120524 | perestroika | economic restructuring, Gorbachev accepts need for this after disasters of Soviet invasion in Afghanistan & nuclear accident at Chernobyl (heightened desire for change) | |
| 788120525 | Lithuania | nationalist revolts begin w/ declaration of independence by this nation b/c governments forced to allow political participation of non-Communist parties | |
| 788120526 | Boris Yeltsin | chairman of Russian Parliament, rival to Gorbachev, lead coup by communists --> fail w/ hope of preserving Communist control --> republics leave & Soviet Union dissolves --> Gorbachev resigns | |
| 788120527 | Russian Federation | Yeltsin elected president of this | |
| 788120528 | "shock therapy" | Yeltsin moves economy rapidly from centralized state control to free-market capitalism --> transfer of state assets to oligarchs, hyperinflation & turmoil for Russians depending on fixed state pensions | |
| 788120529 | Congress of People's Deputies | parliament, Yeltsin comes into conflict w/ this --> begins impeachment proceedings --> Yeltsin orders tanks to shell building where this meets & dissolves it --> new constitution w/ enhanced presidential powers & Duma | |
| 788120530 | Vladimir Putin | Yeltsin selects this person as prime minister --> elected president after Yeltsin's resignation, popular support b/c rise in worldwide oil prices (boosts Russian economy) & wanted to restore Russia to higher place on world stage w/ military & denouncing West | |
| 788120531 | Belsan massacre | Chechan terrorists seize control of school --> Putin enacts law ending popular election for governors | |
| 788120532 | Joseph Tito | leads successful resistance force against Germany during WWII to establish Yugoslavian state w/o ties to Soviet Bloc --> Slovenia & Croatia break away | |
| 788120533 | Slobodan Milosevic | president of Yugoslavia, helps in "ethnic cleansing" | |
| 788120534 | "ethnic cleansing" | forced removal of Muslims & ethnic Bosnians in certain regions under Yugoslavian control | |
| 788120535 | Dayton Accords | result of Serbs shelling Bosnian capital Sarejevo | |
| 788120536 | Kosovo | Serbs refuse to sign treaty granting this cradle of national identity greater autonomy --> NATO launches aerial bombardment on Serbia (first offensive action against sovereign nation) --> withdrawal of Serbian troops from Kosovo | |
| 788120537 | Vojislav Kostunica | Milosevic loses elections to this person | |
| 788120538 | War Crimes Tribunal | Kostunica turns Milosevic over to this in order to receive economic assistance from West |
