Terms found in chapters 6-9 in the American Pageant.
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| 1120001858 | French and Indian War | 1689- 1763 The French and Indian War, aka the Seven year war, the English and French fought for colonial domination of the land in North America. The English won, but it left a huge debt that the colonist's were being forced to pay. This brought taxes and tention between the colonies and England. | |
| 1120001859 | Treaty of Paris 1763 | The Treaty of Paris 1763 ended the French and Indian War. France was forced to give up all its land in the New World.This ended the French threat to the colonies. | |
| 1120001860 | Proclamation of 1763 | 1763, Britain issued a royal decree that prohibited colonies in the New World from making settlements west of the imaginary line that followed the line of the Appalachian Mountains. The Proclomation stated that the Indians had the right of the land west of the line, and that any whites in the area were forced to move. | |
| 1120001861 | Sons and Daughters of Liberty | The Sons of Liberty were a group of male patriots that wanted to protect the colonist's rights from the British. Most of them ended up fightining in the Revolutionary War. The Daughters of Liberty were a group of female patriots that helped the colonists by making and finding substitues for British items. | |
| 1120001862 | Committees of Correspondence | The Committees of Correspondence was the colonist's first attempt at communication with one another. It was used to send messages throughtout the colonies on matters that were happening. | |
| 1120001863 | John Locke / Montesquieu | John Locke and Baron de Montesquieu were two governmental thinkers during the Enlightment period. They helped build the constitution with thier ideas. John Locke came up with the three natural rights (life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness). Montesquieu came up with the idea that the government got their power from the people. | |
| 1120001864 | Thomas Jefferson | Thomas Jefferson was a co-writer of the Declaration of Independence. He also wrote Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom. He was the third president of the United States of America. He also was the founder of the University of Virginia. | |
| 1120001865 | French Alliance | As America was fighting England, they realized they would need international help to defeat the British. They turned to France for help. French and American representatives met and signed the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce. The French sent help to the colonies and helped defeat the English. | |
| 1120001866 | Role of Benjamin Franklin | Benjamin Franklin did many things during the Revolutionary War. He helped persuade France to ally with America. He helped write the U.S. Constitution. He signed the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, the Treaty of Alliance, and the Treaty of Paris. He was a great gonvermental influencer in the Revolutionary War. | |
| 1120001867 | Marquis de Lafayette | Marquis de Lafayette was born french. He came to America at the age of 19. He presented himself to the Phildelphia congress and greatly befriended George Washington, who later called Marquis his son. He became a major general. Marquis won the formal French support during the Revolution War, and his battle tactics ensured victory many times for the Americans. | |
| 1120001868 | George Washington / Continental Army | George Washington was a commander for the British army during the French and Indian War. His experience and reputation caused him to be voted into the Commander-in-Chief position over the Continental Army. He led the American troops in the Revoulutionary War. | |
| 1120001869 | Crossing Delaware River | December of 1776, the Continental Army led by George Washingtion encamped along the Pennsylvania shore of the Deleware River. The night of December 25, Washington led the troops over the Delaware River, attacking the Hessian-held town of Trenton early that morning taking an American victory. | |
| 1120001870 | Valley Forge | Valley Forge was full of hungry, disease covered, and dying American troops. The winter resutled in a terrible time for them. However, the spring and new and more supplies coming into the Army led to a new found hope and eagerness for the battles to come. This was a turning point for the Continental Army. | |
| 1120001871 | Battle of Yorktown | When the French landed ready to fight with the Americans against the British, they decided to go against Cornwallis who held Yorktown. From Sept. 5-9, the French surprised and pushed the British navy fleet back to New York. For five days the American and French army battled against Cornwallis and his troops, achieving success when Cornwallis surrendered on October 19. | |
| 1120001872 | Lord Charles Cornwallis | Lord Charles Cornwallis was a British general who fought against America during the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis was a very successful general, except for his surrender at the Battle of Yorktown which was one of the biggest loss in his career. | |
| 1120001873 | 1783 Treaty of Parris | The 1783 Treaty of Paris was a peace negotiation between America and England that ended the Revolutionary War and achieved independence for the United States of America. | |
| 1120001874 | Articles of Conferderation (weaknesses) | The Articles of Confederation served as the first government form in the U.S after it's independence. Unfortuanatly it didn't work out, due to it having many weaknesses. These were that the national government could not force the states to obey it's laws, it did not have the power to tax, it did not have the power to enforce laws, there was no national army or navy, there was no system of national courts, and many more. | |
| 1120001875 | Daniel Shay's Rebellion | Due to an economic crisis happening in central and western Massachusetts, many poor farmers who were in debt were put in prison and thier farms were seized. Under the leadership of Daniel Shay, a former captain in the Continental Army, the people revolted leading to the closing of courts and the release of imprisoned debtors. James Bowdoin, the governor of Massachusetts, organized a military force to confront the rebels. The rebellion fell, but it revealed the conflict laying before them in the post-revolutionary time. | |
| 1120001876 | Checks & Balances | With the three branches of government (judicial, executive, and legislative) the delegates had to put a "check and balance" system into the Constitution. It's main purpose was the make sure that no branch could become too powerful. Each branch has a power limitation it can put on another branch, and those branches can limit the other. | |
| 1120001877 | James Madison | James Madison along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay wrote the Federalist essays. He was reffered at the "Father of the Constitution". He helped frame the Bill of Rights. He was Secretary of State under Pres. Jefferson. He later became the 4th president. | |
| 1120001878 | Great Compromise | The Great Compromise was a settlement between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. The Virginia Plan wanted apportioned representation based on state population. The New Jersey Plan wanted each state to have and equal vote in Congress. The Great Compromise was made to satisfy both plans, by stating the Senate would be equal representation of the states, and the House of Representatives would be represented by the population of the states. | |
| 1120001879 | Seperation of Powers | The term was created by Montesquieu. The Seperation of Powers was the seperation of the power of the federal government into the executive, judicial, and legislative branches. The three branches each held a power that would serve as a check and balance to the other branches. This seperation insured that no branch could gain absolute power of abuse the power they were given. | |
| 1120001880 | Slavery Issue - 3/5's Compromise | The 3/5ths Compromise was a compromise between the North and the South, about the ability to count slaves as citizens. The South wanted them to count so that they could have more votes in Congress. The North didn't see that as fair. The Compomise stated that slaves counted as 3/5ths of a citizen. | |
| 1120001881 | Bill of Rights | The Bill of Rights is the first ten amendments of the Constitution. They were created in order to appease the North into end the Articles of Constitution and writing the Constitution. It was a shield so that the anti-feds felt secure in the ratification process. | |
| 1120001882 | Pontiac's Rebellion | Pontiac's rebellion was a war between a group of Indians lead by Pontiac (Chief of the Ottawa tribe) and the English. They were upset over the rough treatment that the British gave them. This war lasted from 1763 to 1766. | |
| 1120001883 | Sugar Act 1764 | The Sugar Act was the 1st law passed to raise tax revenue in America. It was also know as the Revenue Act. This Act reduced taxes on mollasses and sugar, enforced the Navigation Act, and increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies. | |
| 1120001884 | Stamp Act 1765 | The Stamp Act was passed to raise revenues. It put a tax on all official documents (newspapers, marriage certificates, etc.). It was repealed due to the colonists' cries of "no taxation without representation", but the Declatory Act was passed immediantly after is was repealed. | |
| 1120001885 | Stamp Act Congress | The Stamp Act Congress was a meeting in New York that only nine states showed up for. They discussed the new taxes and the problems they caused.They suggested a boycott, and Parliament eventually repealed the Stamp Act. | |
| 1120001886 | Declaratory Act 1766 | The Declaratory Act of 1766, was immediantly passed by Parliament after they repealed the Stamp Act. This Act stated that Parliament had the power to bind the colonists whenever they pleased. | |
| 1120001887 | Townshend Acts 1767 | The Townshend Acts of 1767 were passed by "Champagne Charley" Townshend who was a member of Parliament. These Acts included put an import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. | |
| 1120001888 | Writs of Assistance | Writs of Assistance is a search warrent issued by Parliament that gives British government officials the right to enforce trade and navigation laws. | |
| 1120001889 | Samuel Adams | Samuel Adams was a political organizer and speaker in the Revolutionary times. He lead the Boston Tea Party, created the Committees of Correspondence, and signed the Dec. of Independence. | |
| 1120001890 | Boston Massacre | The Boston Massacre was a fight between a crowd of Patriots and a British Patrol. The colonists threw snowballs and taunted the soldiers. It ended with the soldiers shooting into the crowd killing/wounding eleven. | |
| 1120001891 | Committees of Correspondence | The Committees of Correspondence were created by Sam Adams. They were used as a way to spread propaganda and the spirit of independence throughout the colonies. | |
| 1120001892 | Gaspee Incident | The Gaspee Incident was when a group of the Sons of Liberty boarded, looted, and burned a crashed British ship. | |
| 1120001893 | Boston Tea Party | The Boston Tea Party was a revolt against the Tea Act. Patriots dressed up as indians, boarded the tea ships anchored in the Boston harbor, and dumped 342 chests of tea into the water. | |
| 1120001894 | Intolerable Acts | The Intolerable Acts were a series of Acts placed upon the colonists by Parliament as punishment for the Boston Tea Party and other revolts. They included the Boston Port Bill, the Quartering Act, the Administration of Justice Act,the Massachusetts Government Act, and the Quebec Act | |
| 1120001895 | Enlightenment | The Enlightenment in Colonial America included the Great Awakening and more religious movements. | |
| 1120001896 | John Locke | John Locke was the person who came up with the three natural rights, all men are created equal, and the seperation of powers that are found in the Constitution. | |
| 1120001897 | First Continental Congress | The First Continental Congress met in 1774 with only 12/13 states attending. They met to discuss how to repsond to the Intolerable Acts as one body. | |
| 1120001898 | Second Continental Congress | The Second Continental Congress met and all three states showed up this time. This time they met to create the Declaration of Independence and put George Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. | |
| 1120001899 | Olive Branch Petition | The Olive Branch Petition was made by the Continental Congress in 1775, professing the American loyalty to the crown and begging the King to prevent further hostilities. However the King didn't acknowledge this, and declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion. | |
| 1120001900 | Thomas Paine; Common Sense | Thomas Paine was the author of Common Sense, which was a pamplet encouraging the colonists to support total independence from the crown. | |
| 1120001901 | Battle of Saratoga | The Battle of Saratoga was a major win for the Americans. This battle convinced France to aid the colonists in the war for independence. | |
| 1120001902 | Northwest Ordiance | The Northwest Ordiance of 1787 was a compromise made by the Articles of Confederation that created two evolutionary territorial stages that created more land into states when they reached a certain number in population. | |
| 1120001903 | Shay's Rebellion | Shay's Rebellion was the a small revolt from 1786-1787 led by Daniel Shay. This was a rebellion of small farmers that were mad because so many of them were being put into prison or having thier land taken away because they couldn't pay their taxes. | |
| 1120001904 | The Federalist Papers | The Federalist Papers were a series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay that promoted the ratification of the Constitution. | |
| 1120001905 | Great Compromise | The Great Compromise was a settlement between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. The Virginia Plan wanted apportioned representation based on state population. The New Jersey Plan wanted each state to have and equal vote in Congress. The Great Compromise was made to satisfy both plans, by stating the Senate would be equal representation of the states, and the House of Representatives would be represented by the population of the states. | |
| 1120001906 | John Adams | John Adams was a major player in the Revolutionary times. He was a representative in the two Continental Congresses, he represented the British soldiers during the Boston Massacre Trial, he signed the Dec. of Independence, and he later on became President. | |
| 1120001907 | Battle of Quebec | British attack French fort from behind at night, British win and have overall victory in french/indian war | |
| 1120001908 | Salutary neglect | British for a century didn't really enforce laws on colonists, especially with navigation acts. Colonists used to running law on their own, Britain ignores the law with them. | |
| 1120001909 | James Otis | Lawyer who raises heck about the unjustness of the writs of assistance, raises the issue and begins the offical questioning of the British Authority that will lead to the American Revolution | |
| 1120001910 | George Grenville | never removes British army from n. america, tries to figure out how to get Americans to pay fair share | |
| 1120001911 | Quarterinng Act of 1765 | even during time of peace, soldier s have right to stay in colonists homes for food and shelter, makes colonists frusterated | |
| 1120001912 | non-importation agreements | colonists team up to not buy Britain Goods in boston as a protest, instead they make their own. | |
| 1120001913 | "no taxation without representation" | the colonists argument that because Parliament does not represent the colonies, they should not be able to tax them | |
| 1120001914 | Battles of Lexington/Concord | places where the first shorts were fired in 1775 to begin the revolutionary war. | |
| 1120001915 | Paul Revere | Man who warns the colonists the night before of the British troops that are coming to attack and lexington | |
| 1120001916 | Battle of Bunker Hill | most bloody battle where british will lose most of their men. The british win the battle, but it's a puric victory- so many losses have occured that it's not worthy a win, they get little gainfrom it. | |
| 1120001917 | Fort Ticonderoga | fort that americans capture in New York,2 americans forces get their at the same time and argue for who gets to control it, eventually decide and one tells british they now have control | |
| 1120001918 | Richard Henry Lee | agrees with paine, calls for independence of the nation because theres no going back after the war with britain. Create a commitee to draft the constitution for independence of the colonies from Britain. | |
| 1120001919 | John Burgoyne | leads british army in last battle troops from lake champlain | |
| 1120001920 | Howe | leads british army in last battle troops from Hudson | |
| 1120001921 | Benedict Arnold | hero at saratoga who should get credit for the colonists victory, but because he switiched sides still seen as traitor | |
| 1120001922 | Abigail Adams | significant women figure during revolution who spoke to improve womens rights with politics, land owning, and making marriage more equal. | |
| 1120001923 | Society of Cincinnatti | movement to try to create aristocracy based on the decendents of revolutionary war veterans | |
| 1120001924 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | creation of sections- 1x1 miles townships- 6x6 miles ro divide states and nation, creation of public schools in each township | |
| 1120001925 | Consitiutional Convention | orginally convened to modify the articles of confederation | |
| 1120001926 | acadians | ..., French settlers who would not pledge their loyalties to the British and were driven from their homes; cajuns of Louisiana are descendants of these people | |
| 1120001927 | admiralty court | British courts originally established to try cases involving smuggling or violations of the Navigation Acts which the British government sometimes used to try American criminals in the colonies. Trials in Admiralty Courts were heard by judges without a jury. | |
| 1120001928 | ethan allen | a soldier of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789) | |
| 1120001929 | joseph brandt | Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. Was part of Iroquois nation | |
| 1120001930 | civic virtue | notion that democracy depended on unselfish commitment to the public good | |
| 1120001931 | committees of observation | created after First Continental Congress to enforce boycott on British goods. became the town's "de facto" governments. | |
| 1120001932 | constitutional convention | 1787 meeting at which the U.S. Constitution was created. | |
| 1120001933 | william clark | A skilled mapmaker and outdoorsman chosen to explore the Louisiana Territory | |
| 1120001934 | peter defazio | House Member for my district | |
| 1120001935 | delegated powers | Those powers, expressed, implied, or inherent, granted to the National Government by the constitution | |
| 1120001936 | democracy | A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | |
| 1120001937 | 1808 clause | south wanted protection of slaves thought north would abolish it . clause stated that congress cant pass any law that has to do with slavery until 1808 | |
| 1120001938 | electoral college | A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president | |
| 1120001939 | executive branch | Carries out the laws | |
| 1120001940 | external taxation | ..., This tax was placed on goods outside of the colonies. These were regulatory in nature rather than solely revenue producing. The Navigation Acts that produced taxes were of this nature. | |
| 1120001941 | factions | Political groups that agree on objectives and policies; the origins of political parties. | |
| 1120001942 | federalism | A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments | |
| 1120001943 | mumbet freeman | Elizabeth "Mumbet" Freeman was born in 1744. In 1781, having overheard Revolutionary-era talk about the "rights of man," Mumbet sued her Massachusetts master for her freedom from slavery. She won her suit and lived the rest of her life as a paid domestic servant in the home of the lawyer who pleaded her case. She died in 1829 | |
| 1120001944 | george III | Became King of England in 1760, and reigned during the American Revolution. | |
| 1120001945 | nathaniel greene | Quaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again. Defeated Cornwallis by thus "fighting Quaker". | |
| 1120001946 | george grenville | Appointed by King George III as the Prime Minister, he had the opinion that the colonists should obey the laws and pay a part of the cost of defending and administering the British empire; passed the Sugar and Stamp Acts. | |
| 1120001947 | internal taxes | Taxes which arose out of activities that occurred "internally" within the colonies. The Stamp Act was considered an internal tax, because it taxed the colonists on legal transactions they undertook locally. Many colonists and Englishmen felt that Parliament did not have the authority to levy internal taxes on the colonies. | |
| 1120001948 | interstate commerce clause | an agency that sets the laws for all the companies that do business across state lines | |
| 1120001949 | iroquois confederacy | ..., a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida | |
| 1120001950 | louis XVI | (1754-1793) King of France between 1774 and 1792. He was overthrown during the French Revolution and later beheaded. | |
| 1120001951 | loyalists | American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence. | |
| 1120001952 | jeff merkley | oregon senator | |
| 1120001953 | navigation acts | 1650 laws that required among other things that all goods to and from the colonies be transported on British ships | |
| 1120001954 | frederick, lord north | Prime Minister, got rid of the Townshend taxes/duties, but kept Tea Tax He lost his prime ministry in the Battle of York. | |
| 1120001955 | ohio company | Group of land speculators who wanted to buy land West of the Appalachians | |
| 1120001956 | republic | A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting | |
| 1120001957 | reserved powers | Powers given to the state government alone | |
| 1120001958 | comte de rochambeau | French general who commanded French troops in the American Revolution, notably at Yorktown (1725-1807) | |
| 1120001959 | john roberts | Chief Justice of the Supreme Court | |
| 1120001960 | tariff | A tax on imported goods | |
| 1120001961 | treaty of fort stanwix | First treaty between the US and an Indian nation. Under its terms the Indians ceded most of their lan | |
| 1120001962 | virtual representation | British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members | |
| 1120001963 | ron wyden | oregon u.s. senior senator |
