Psychology's History and Approaches
Research Methods
Biological Bases of Behavior
Sensation and Perception
States of Consciousness
Learning
Cognition
Motivation and Emotion
Terms : Hide Images
| 616354483 | monism | mind and body are connected - the Hebrews, Aristotle, and Augustine | |
| 616354484 | dualism | mind and body are distinct - Socrates, Plato, Rene Descartes | |
| 616354485 | John Locke | empiricist, said mind was a blank slate | |
| 616354486 | empiricism | the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and science flourishes through observation and experiment (Bacon and Locke) | |
| 616354487 | structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind (Edward Bradford Titchener) | |
| 616354488 | Wilhem Wundt | established first psychology labaratory | |
| 616354489 | introspection | self reflection, looking inward, reporting elements of an experience; requires smart, verbal people, was unreliable; waned with structuralism (Titchener) | |
| 616354490 | functionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function--how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish (William James) | |
| 616354491 | Mary Calkins | admitted into James' Harvard class, denied her degree, became first female president of APA | |
| 616354492 | Margaret Floy Washburn | first woman to recieve PhD in Psychology, second female APA pres | |
| 616354493 | behaviorism | objective science that studies observable behavior without regard to mental processes (John B Watson, BF Skinner) | |
| 616354494 | psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes | |
| 616354495 | natural selection | principle that states among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations (Darwin) | |
| 616354496 | nature vs. nurture | longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors | |
| 616354497 | biological perspective | how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how genes combine w/ environment to influence individual differences | |
| 616354498 | evolutionary perspective | how the nature selection of traits promoted the survival of genes | |
| 616354499 | psychodynamic perspective | how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts | |
| 616354500 | behavioral perspective | how we learn observable responses | |
| 616354501 | cognitive perspective | how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information | |
| 616354502 | humanistic perspective | how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and achieve self-fullfillment; emphasizes potential for personal growth | |
| 616354503 | social-cultural perspective | how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures | |
| 616354504 | basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base (biological/developmental/cognitive/personality/social psychologists) | |
| 616354505 | educational psychology | how psychological processes affect and enhance teaching and learning | |
| 616354506 | applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems (industrial/organizational psychologists) | |
| 616354507 | psychometrics | study of measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits | |
| 616354508 | psychiatry | branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as therapy | |
| 616354509 | clinical psychology | branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders (basic & applied research) | |
| 616354510 | experimental psychology | exploration of behavior and thinking with experiments | |
| 616354511 | levels of analysis | biological, psychological, social-cultural | |
| 616354512 | biopsychosocial approach | integrated approach that incorporates all 3 levels of analysis | |
| 616354513 | personality psychology | individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting | |
| 616354514 | human factors psychology | explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use | |
| 616354515 | counseling psychology | helping people cope with challenges and crises | |
| 616354516 | SQ3R | study method of survey, question, read, rehearse, and review | |
| 616354517 | hindsight bias | I knew it all along phenomenon; the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it | |
| 616354518 | overconfidence | humans overestimate their own knowledge | |
| 616354519 | critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept conclusions | |
| 616354520 | the scientific attitude | curiosity, skepticism, humility | |
| 616354521 | James Randi | aura-seeing test, exemplifies skepticism | |
| 616354522 | theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that ORGANIZES and PREDICTS behaviors/events | |
| 616354523 | operational definitions | allows for replication and check on biases | |
| 616354524 | case study | (description) an obvesrvation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hopes of revealing basic universal principles | |
| 616354525 | survey | (description) most common, least accurate, self reported of a population (representative, random sample) | |
| 616354526 | false consensus effect | tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors | |
| 616354527 | naturalistic observation | (description) no manipulation or interference, observing natural habitat | |
| 616354528 | correlation coefficient | how well a factor predicts another, -1 perfect negative to 1 perfect positive | |
| 616354529 | standard deviation | computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score | |
| 616354530 | statistical significance | statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance | |
| 616354531 | ethical principles | 1-informed consent, 2-protection from harm, 3-confidentiality, 4-explanation | |
| 616354532 | dendrites | receive messages, conduct impulses toward cell body | |
| 616354533 | axon | pass information to other neurons or to muscles/glands | |
| 616354534 | myelin sheath | insulates axons and speeds up impulses | |
| 616354535 | resting potential | positive outside negative inside | |
| 616354536 | all-or-none response | strength of stimulus doesn't affect speed; rather more neurons can be fired for stronger stimulus | |
| 616354537 | reuptake | excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by sending neuron, some drugs block this | |
| 616354538 | Acetylcholine (ACh) | muscle action, learning, memory; deterioration linked to Alzheimers | |
| 616354539 | Dopamine | movement, learning, attention, emotion; excess linked to schizophrenia; lack linked to Parkinsons | |
| 616354540 | Serotonin | mood, hunger, sleep, arousal; lack linked to depression | |
| 616354541 | Norepinephrine | alertness and arousal; lack can depress mood | |
| 616354542 | GABA | inhibitory; lack linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia | |
| 616354543 | Glutamate | excitatory, memory; excess linked to migraines or seizures | |
| 616354544 | endorphins | natural opiates | |
| 616354545 | agonists | excite; mimic neurotransmitter | |
| 616354546 | antagonists | inhibit neurotransmitter | |
| 616354547 | somatic nervous system | controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles | |
| 616354548 | autonomic nervous system | controls self regulated actions of internal organs and glands | |
| 616354549 | sympathetic | arousing | |
| 616354550 | parasympathetic | calming | |
| 616354551 | EEG | recording of brainwaves | |
| 616354552 | CT scan | x-rays of brain | |
| 616354553 | PET scan | display of brain activity, where glucose is used in brain | |
| 616354554 | MRI | uses radio waves and magnetic fields to see brain structures | |
| 616354555 | functional MRI | action in brain structures | |
| 616354556 | brainstem | oldest and innermost region, basic automatic survival functions | |
| 616354557 | medulla | heartbeat and breathing | |
| 616354558 | reticular formation | arousal | |
| 616354559 | thalamus | sensory switchboard | |
| 616354560 | cerebellum | little brain, voluntary movement and balance | |
| 616354561 | limbic system | emotions | |
| 616354562 | amygdala | linked to emotion, aggression and fear | |
| 616354563 | hypothalamus | maintenance activities, governs endocrine system, linked to emotion | |
| 616354564 | cerebral cortex | body's ultimate control and information processing center | |
| 616354565 | glial cells | nannies of neurons | |
| 616354566 | frontal lobe | speaking, muscle movement, plans and judgments | |
| 616354567 | parietal lobe | sensory cortex | |
| 616354568 | occipital lobe | visual information | |
| 616354569 | temporal lobe | auditory area | |
| 616354570 | angular gyrus | transforms visual representations into auditory code | |
| 616354571 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory code | |
| 616354572 | Broca's area | controls speech muscles | |
| 616354573 | plasticity | brain's capacity for modification | |
| 616354574 | corpus callosum | large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them | |
| 616354575 | right hemisphere | excels in subtle inferences, visual-spatial superiority, perception, pictures, insight | |
| 616354576 | left hemisphere | speaking, calculating, processing language, words | |
| 616354577 | endocrine system | slow chemical communication, glands that secrete hormones into bloodstream | |
| 616354578 | hormones | chemical messengers | |
| 616354579 | adrenal glands | release epinephrine and noepinephrine (adrenaline and noradrenaline) | |
| 616354580 | pituitary glands | regulates growth and other endocrine glands | |
| 616354581 | temperament | genetic mostly | |
| 616354582 | heritability | extent to which differences among people are attributed to genes | |
| 616354583 | social learning theory | children learn gender linked behaviors by observing and imitating and being rewarded or punished | |
| 616354584 | gender schema theory | children learn from their cultures a concept of their gender and adjust their behavior accordingly | |
| 616354585 | signal detection theory | how and when we detect the presence of faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) | |
| 616354586 | difference threshold | just noticeable difference between two stimuli | |
| 616354587 | Weber's law | to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (not constant amount) | |
| 616354588 | sensory adaptation | diminishing sensitivity to unchanging stimuli, i.e. clothes on your body | |
| 616354589 | pupil | adjustable opening in center of eye through which light enters | |
| 616354590 | iris | controls size of pupil opening | |
| 616354591 | lens | changes shape to focus images on retina | |
| 616354592 | retina | light sensitive, where rays focus | |
| 616354593 | rods | peripheral and twilight vision, more light sensitive | |
| 616354594 | cones | daylight, colors, fine detail | |
| 616354595 | blind spot | point at which optic nerve leaves eye | |
| 616354596 | fovea | where cones are clustered | |
| 616354597 | Young Helmholtz trichromatic theory | retina contains 3 different color receptors (red, green, blue) which when stimulated in combination can produce perception of any color | |
| 616354598 | Hering's opponent process theory | opposing retinal processes (redgreen, yellowblue, whiteblack) enable color vision | |
| 616354599 | audition | sense of hearing | |
| 616354600 | place theory | links pitch we hear with place where cochlea's membrane is stimulated; doesn't explain low pitched sounds | |
| 616354601 | frequency theory | rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches frequency of a tone; cannot explain high pitched sounds | |
| 616354602 | kinesthesis | system for sensing position and movement of individual body parts | |
| 616354603 | vestibular sense | sense of body movement and position, balance; semicircular canals and vestibular sacs | |
| 616354604 | proximity | group nearby figures together | |
| 616354605 | similarity | similar figures grouped together | |
| 616354606 | continuity | smooth patterns | |
| 616354607 | connectedness | spots, lines, and areas perceived as single unit | |
| 616354608 | closure | fill in gaps to complete a whole | |
| 616354609 | telepathy | mind to mind communication | |
| 616354610 | clairvoyance | perceiving remote events | |
| 616354611 | precognition | predicting future events | |
| 616354612 | psychokinesis | levitating a table | |
| 616354613 | stage 2 sleep | sleep spindles | |
| 616354614 | stage 1 sleep | light hallucinations | |
| 616354615 | delta waves | mostly stage 4, stage 3 too, slow wave sleep | |
| 616354616 | stage 4 sleep | wetting the bed, sleepwalking | |
| 616354617 | REM sleep | dreams, paradoxical sleep, no snoring, arousal | |
| 616354618 | hidden observer | Hilgard's term for hypnotized subject's awareness of experiences that go unreported during hypnosis | |
| 616354619 | depressants | calm neural activity, slow body functions, lessen anxiety: alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers), opiates | |
| 616354620 | stimulants | excite neural activity, arouse body functions: cocaine, ecstasy (MDMA) | |
| 616354621 | hallucinogens | distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in absence of sensory input: psychedelics, some are natural or synthetic: LSD (acid), marijuana, mildly ecstasy | |
| 616354622 | generalization | tendency for stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses | |
| 616354623 | respondent behavior | occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus (classical conditioning) | |
| 616354624 | operant behavior | operates on the environment, producing consequences | |
| 616354625 | continuous reinforcement | fast learning, fast extinction | |
| 616354626 | partial reinforcement | slow learning, slower extinction | |
| 616354627 | fixed ratio schedule | reinforces a response after specified number of responses | |
| 616354628 | variable ratio schedule | reinforces response after a random number of responses | |
| 616354629 | fixed interval schedule | reinforces a response after specified time has elapsed | |
| 616354630 | variable interval schedule | reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | |
| 616354631 | implicit | non declarative, without conscious recall, skills | |
| 616354632 | explicit | declarative, with conscious recall, facts (semantic), personal experiences (episodic) | |
| 616354633 | long term potentiation | neural basis for learning and memory | |
| 616354634 | hippocampus | helps process explicit memories | |
| 616354635 | cerebellum | implicit memories | |
| 616354636 | 3 sins of forgetting | absent mindedness, transience (storage decay over time), blocking | |
| 616354637 | 3 sins of distortion | misattribution, suggestibility, bias | |
| 616354638 | 1 sin of intrusion | persistence | |
| 616354639 | proactive interference | old memories interfere on recall of new ones | |
| 616354640 | retroactive interference | new memories interfere with recall of old ones | |
| 616354641 | repression | Freud, motivated forgetting | |
| 616354642 | Elizabeth Loftus | misinformation effect | |
| 616354643 | phoneme | basic unit of sound | |
| 616354644 | morpheme | smallest unit that carries meaning | |
| 616354645 | operant language learning | skinner, learned through association, imitation, and reinforcement | |
| 616354646 | inborn universal grammar | chomsky, acquire untaught words and grammar | |
| 616354647 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think | |
| 616354648 | can animals talk? | can learn, but no proper grammar or syntax | |
| 616354649 | pulled by incentives | pushed by needs | |
| 616354650 | some motivated behaviors | increase arousal | |
| 616354651 | Roy Baumeister | defined the phenomenon of gender difference in erotic plasticity | |
| 616354652 | Daryl Bem | theorized that genes code for prenatal hormones and brain anatomy, which predispose temperaments which influence children's gender typed behavior | |
| 616354653 | Cannon-Bard theory | states that arousal and emotion occur simultaneously after perception of stimulus | |
| 616354654 | James-Lange theory | after perception of stimulus, then arousal, which causes emotion | |
| 616354655 | Schachter's two factor theory | after perception of stimulus, arousal and cognitively labeling that arousal as an emotion, leads to that emotion | |
| 616354656 | William Masters and Virginia Johnson | sex cycles to label sexual response cycle | |
| 616354657 | Simon LeVay | gay scientist, studied brain anatomy's influence on sexual orientation | |
| 616354658 | AL Washburn | swallowed a balloon to prove stomach contracts when you feel hunger | |
| 616354659 | Ed Deiner | studied young man with cancer's rate of happiness | |
| 616354660 | Paul Ekman | led a facial expression experiment among New Guineans and American college students | |
| 616354661 | Meyer Freidman and Ray Rosenman | defined personality types A and B | |
| 616354662 | Richard Lazarus | conceded that our brains process and react to vast amounts of information without conscious awareness | |
| 616354663 | Joseph LeDoux | some emotional responses involve no consciousness | |
| 616354664 | Robert Rosenthal | tested subtlety of expressions, teacher's when talking to students | |
| 616354665 | Hans Selye | defined general adaptation syndrome, saw it as having 3 phases | |
| 616354666 | Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer | proposed two factor theory | |
| 616354667 | Shelley Taylor | studied gender different responses to stress | |
| 616354668 | Robert Zajonc | some emotional responses involve no consciousness | |
| 616354669 | insulin | controls glucose | |
| 616354670 | leptin | increases metabolism and decreases hunger, secreted by fat cells | |
| 616354671 | orexin | hunger triggering hormone | |
| 616354672 | ghrelin | secreted by empty stomach, I'm hungry | |
| 616354673 | PYY | digestive tract hormone, I'm not hungry | |
| 616354674 | brain differences in homosexuals | hypothalamic cell cluster is larger in straight men, anterior commisure is larger in gay men | |
| 616354675 | genetic influences on homosexuality | shared sexual orientation higher among identical twins, sexual attraction in flies can be manipulated genetically | |
| 616354676 | prenatal hormone influences on homosexuality | altered prenatal hormone exposure may lead to homosexuality in humans, men with several older brothers are more likely to be gay | |
| 616354677 | gay straight differences | spatial abilities, fingerprint ridge counts, auditory system, handedness, occupational preference, relative finger lengths, gender noncomformity, age of male puberty, male body size | |
| 616354678 | personnel psychology | subfield of i/o psych that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development | |
| 616354679 | organizational psychology | subfield of i/o psych that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates change | |
| 616354680 | structured interview | asks the same job relevant questions of all applicants, rated on established scales | |
| 616354681 | achievment motivation | desire for significant accomplisment, for mastery, attaining a high standard | |
| 616354682 | task leadership | goal oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals | |
| 616354683 | social leadership | group oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support | |
| 616354684 | Theory X | assumes that workers are lazy, error prone, and extrinsically motivated by money and should be directed from above | |
| 616354685 | Theory Y | assumes that given challenge and freedom workers are motivated to achieve self esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity | |
| 616354686 | valence dimension of emotion | dimension of emotion, pleasant versus unpleasant | |
| 616354687 | arousal dimension of emotion | high or low | |
| 616354688 | for diffcult tasks, performance is higher with... | low arousal | |
| 616354689 | subjective well being | feelings of happiness or satisfaction with life | |
| 616354690 | adaptation level phenomenon | get used to your happiness | |
| 616354691 | stress is | a process, not just a response or stimulus | |
| 616354692 | GAS | phase 1-alarm reaction, mobilize resources phase 2-resistance, cope with stressor phase 3-exhaustion, reserves depleted | |
| 616354693 | aerobic exercise | decreases stress, anxiety, and depression better than relaxation therapy | |
| 616354694 | biofeedback | for subtle physiological states |
