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| 209778787 | Land bridge | temporary bridge due to the Ice Age that united Asia and the Americas over land; probably what first populated the Americas | 1 | |
| 209778788 | Cahokia | Mississippian native settlement- large settlement that was sustained by corn- about 25,000 people | 2 | |
| 209778789 | maize | corn; very important in development and sustainment of early American peoples such as the Aztecs and the Incas | 3 | |
| 209778790 | "three-sister" farming | refers to maize, beans, and squash; southeastern Atlantic seaboard region; grew all three in strategic locations in the environment; yielded highest population densities (Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw) | 4 | |
| 209778791 | matrilineal cultures | many native American peoples (Iroquois) had these; power and possessions past down the female side of family; because settlements sent men out to do the work while women tended the crops and stayed home; women had authority | 5 | |
| 209778792 | Norse discovery of the Americas | Scandinavians who happened to discover the Americas; no nation-state took on the task of occupying it and it was abandoned | 6 | |
| 209778793 | plantation system | founded by Portuguese in Africa; large scale commercial agriculture and wholesale exploitation of slave labor | 7 | |
| 209778794 | sugar revolution | Sugar cane did well in the Caribbean climate and Europeans were demanding it,so force migration of millions of Africans to work in the sugar industry in the America's soon followed | 8 | |
| 209778795 | Taino | natives of Hispaniola; population change from 1 million to 200 after the Spanish arrival, mostly due to disease | 9 | |
| 209778796 | Colombian Exchange | forced mixture of European and American culture and ecosystem-- germs, food, animals, etc---- changed entire ways of life for both civilizations | 10 | |
| 209778797 | Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) | Spain and Portugal divided lands in New World-- Spain got most of it, but Portugal got Brazil, and territories in Africa and Asia | 11 | |
| 209778798 | conquistadores | Spanish conquerors who spread out across the Caribbean and mainland America for God, gold, and glory | 12 | |
| 209778799 | Potosi | mines in Bolivia which provided Spain with huge amounts of silver-- helped the surge that was the price revolution in Europe which may have started capitalism and modern banking-- also helped change international trade (Asia actually wanted silver) | 13 | |
| 209778800 | ecomiendas | gave Native Americans as slaves to certain colonists in name to try to Christainize them | 14 | |
| 209778801 | mestizos | mixed people with both Spanish and Native American blood-- began by intermingling of natives and Spanish after Cortes won the war against the Aztecs | 15 | |
| 209778802 | Quetzalcoatl | Aztec god who was supposed to come out of the eastern seas-- Moctezuma (Aztec leader) thought that Cortes was this | 16 | |
| 209778803 | St. Augustine | oldest continually inhabited European settlement in United States-- fortress in Florida erected in 1565 which was able to protect the Caribbean and block the French-- made by the Spanish | 17 | |
| 209778804 | Bartolome de Las Casas | Spanish missionary who was against ecomiendas | 18 | |
| 209778805 | Pope's Rebellion (1680) | Natives of New Mexico rose up against Spanish missionaries who were trying to convert them to Christianity and were suppressing their culture-- burned churches and killed religious people | 19 | |
| 209778806 | Father Junipero Serra | led missionaries into California in 1769 ( first in San Diego-- established 21 missions)-- Christianized the natives, but wiped out their culture and killed many of them with disease | 20 | |
| 209778807 | "Black Legend" | false concept that the Spanish conquerors merely tortured and killed Native Americans--they also did good stuff like established a massive empire that set the stage for a ton of Spanish- speaking modern countries found in the Americas | 21 | |
| 209778808 | Sir Francis Drake | he led a ship which wanted to promote Protestantism and bring down Spain (like many others in the time period) -- and he stole a lot of Spanish treasure -- a favorite of Queen Elizabeth's | 22 | |
| 209778809 | Newfoundland | site of first English attempt at colonization- stopped when Sir Humphrey Gilbert died and wasn't able to sustain it Demographic Changes | 23 | |
| 209778810 | Roanoke Island | Gilbert's brother, Sir Walter Raleigh tried again to establish a colony in this island- mysteriously vanished | 24 | |
| 209778811 | "Protestant wind" | storm which was able to end the battle between the huge Spanish Armada and the smaller English vessels | 25 | |
| 209778812 | "enclosed" | croplands were "enclosed' for sheep grazing which forced a lot of small farmers off of their lands-- made for wandering poor population in English cities-- population change-- helped to spur colonization | 26 | |
| 209778813 | primogeniture | laws of primogeniture stated that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates-- forced younger sons to gain fortune else where | 27 | |
| 209778814 | joint-stock company | kind of like the modern corporation which let many investors (adventurers) to pool their capital-- leads to settlement of Jamestown | 28 | |
| 209778815 | charter of the virginia company | guaranteed the settlers the same rights of Englishmen that they would have enjoyed if they had stayed home-- it was supposed to be extended to all of the colonies-- helped create a sense of security to all colonists that they were still under England's watchful eye | 29 | |
| 209778816 | Jamestown | named in honor of King James-- by the James River-- a location which had a lot of mosquitos (malaria) and killed a lot of people | 30 | |
| 209778817 | Captain John Smith | basically this guy saved Virginia. "He who shall not work, shall not eat"-- he had been kidnapped by the Indians (Pocahontas)-- she helped to preserve peace and food | 31 | |
| 209778818 | "starving time" | winter of 1609-1610 in which few survived in Virginia | 32 | |
| 209778819 | First Anglo-Powhatan War | ended in 1614-- began because Lord De La Warr arrived in 1610 and basically declared war against the Native Americans-- he burned houses, raided villages, took food and supplies, and burned crops-- ended by marriage of Pocahontas to John Rolfe | 33 | |
| 209778820 | Second Powhatan War | began 8 years after the First one ended-- started by the Indians because the white people were treating them badly and diseases were badly hurting their people-- the end of which resulted in complete separation-- modern reservations system | 34 | |
| 209778821 | Lakotas (Sioux) | were hugely affected by the English-- they were forest dwellers and they used horses to move into the plains-- they thrived their and adapted into a whole new way of life as hunters | 35 | |
| 209778822 | John Rolfe | the husband of Pocahontas-- associated with tobacco industry which is said to have saved Virginia--perfected methods of producing tobacco--Europe wanted and needed tobacco from Virginia | 36 | |
| 209778823 | King Nicotine | tobacco-- Virginia became prosperous through this-- however ruined soil and made the economy of Virginia hold to the price fluctuations of only that crop-- also produced plantation system and a need for labor | 37 | |
| 209778824 | House of Burgesses | first representative assembly-- started in 1619 in Virginia | 38 | |
| 209778825 | Lord Baltimore | founded Maryland on Catholic principles and gave huge estates to all of his Catholic relatives | 39 | |
| 209778826 | indentured servants | white people who sold themselves passages to America in exchange for years of servitude-- were used for work on plantations | 40 | |
| 209778827 | Act of Toleration (1649) | Lord Baltimore actually really liked freedom of worship--Catholics really supported this law so that they wouldn't fall under the Protestants as they had in England--only toleration to all Christians-- Jews and atheists could suffer the death penalty | 41 | |
| 209778828 | African diaspora | the scattered of African peoples throughout the Americas-- a huge number of them in the West Indies | 42 | |
| 209778829 | Barbados slave code (1661) | one of the codes designed to control the vast slave population-- denied fundamental rights, gave owners complete control, harsh punishments | 43 | |
| 209778830 | Carolina | formed in 1670, named after Charles II, was able to provide foodstuffs to Barbados | 44 | |
| 209778831 | Charles Town | named for the king-- became busiest seaport-- lots of younger sons came and gave aristocratic spirit--became really diverse-- had French and Jews etc | 45 | |
| 209778832 | Yamasees | defeated by South Carolinians by 1720-- last of the coastal Indian tribes in the southern colonies | 46 | |
| 209778833 | James Oglethorpe | interested in prison reform, able military leader, repelled Spanish attacks-- saved Georgia with his leadership | 47 | |
| 209778834 | League of the Iroquois | 5 Indian tribes-- Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas-- found by Deganawidah and Hiawatha in 1500s-- fought for control of fur trade against Europeans and other Indians | 48 | |
| 209778835 | Tuscaroras | Indians from the Carolinas that were peacfully absorbed into Iroquois | 49 | |
| 209778836 | John Wesley | missionary who eventually founded Methodist Church in England | 50 | |
| 209786442 | Predestination | idea formed by John Calvin-part of Calvinism-- God is all knowing and he knows who is going to heaven and who is going to hell-- no matter how much good you do, some souls are predestined for heaven and for hell | 51 | |
| 209786443 | Conversion | part of Calvinism-- "the receipt of God's free gift of saving grace" -- personal experience when God told them what their destiny was and then they had to lead holy lives because they were "visible saints" | 52 | |
| 209786444 | Puritans | English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rutuals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership | 53 | |
| 209786445 | Separatists | Puritans who believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership-- vowed to break away from the Church of England | 54 | |
| 209786446 | Mayflower Compact | formed by the inhabitants of the Mayflower before they left the ship to settle on land--not a constitution-an agreement to form a government and to submit to the will of the majority--signed by 41 men-- used town meetings | 55 | |
| 209786447 | William Bradford | self taught scholar who could read Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and Dutch--chosen governor 30 times in annual elections-- afraid that non-Puritan settlers would ruin everything | 56 | |
| 209786448 | Massachusetts Bay Company | moderate, non Separatist Puritans formed this in order to try to preserve their faith after they were frightened by the occurrences in England when Charles I dismissed Parliament | 57 | |
| 209786449 | "Great Migration" | happened because of turmoil in England, many Puritans and other English wanted to escape-- about 70,000 people came to the Americans (only about 20,000 to Massachusetts) --many to the Caribbean | 58 | |
| 209786450 | John Winthrop | educated, prosperous man-- pillar of English society-- became Massachusetts first governor-- successful attorney and manor lord in England-- believed he had a calling from God to lead a religious experiment-- served in government for 19 years-- resources of him and people like him helped Massachusetts flourish economically | 59 | |
| 209786451 | "city upon a hill" | -- said by Governor Winthrop-- Puritan Colonists thought that they had a covenant with God-- agreement to build a holy society that would be a model for humankind | 60 | |
| 209786452 | Congregational Church | made up of all "freemen"-- adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations | 61 | |
| 209786453 | Bible Commonwealth | Massachusetts term referring to the government in which religious leaders had a lot of power--influenced church admission by holding public interrogations about conversion | 62 | |
| 209786454 | "blue law state" | Connecticut-- repressive "sumptuary" laws (no kissing in public) was printed on blue paper | 63 | |
| 209786455 | Anne Hutchinson | intelligent, strong willed woman- mother- got banished because she used the logic of predestination to say that leading a holy life wouldn't get you saved and doing bad things wouldn't hinder your chance at salvation- antinomianism | 64 | |
| 209786456 | Antinomianism | holy life was no sure sign of salvation and the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man | 65 | |
| 209786457 | Roger Williams | an extreme Separatist-- wanted to break with church of England-- challenged legality of Bay Colony's charter (they took land from Indians without fair compensation)-- denied authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior-- 1635 Williams was banished-- he went to Rhode Island and established complete freedom of religion | 66 | |
| 209786458 | Rogue's Island | nickname for Rhode Island because the people in Rhode Island were mismatched and outcast (a lot by religion) | 67 | |
| 209786459 | Reverend Thomas Hooker | led a group of Boston Puritans into Hartford area | 68 | |
| 209786460 | Fundamental Orders | drafted in an open meeting--basically a constitution--established government democratically controlled by citizens -borrowed for Connecticut's colonial charter and state constitution | 69 | |
| 209786461 | Massasoit | the Wampanoag chieftain who signed a treaty with Plymouth Pilgrims in 1621 and helped with the first Thanksgiving | 70 | |
| 209786462 | Pequot War | series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River valley-- ended by slaughter of them by Puritans and Narragansett Indian allies | 71 | |
| 209786463 | King Phillip's War | Metacom, Massasoit's son (he didn't like forced Christianity) formed alliances between the Indians and attacked the English-- results were: English were pushed back and hindered from expanding westward and Indians were reduced drastically in numbers and demoralized | 72 | |
| 209786464 | New England Confederation | 1643-- 4 colonies banded together to form it--English Civil War was distracting-- colonists needed protection against Indians, French, Dutch--intercolonial problems--each colony had 2 votes--Puritan club-- Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, Connecticut valley settlements-- shunned Rhode Island and Maine-- first seeds of colonial unity | 73 | |
| 209786465 | Dominion of New England | imposed by royal authority--humiliated Massachusetts Bay-- all of New England plus New York and East and West Jersey--promoted Navigation Laws which the colonists didn't like, so they started smuggling | 74 | |
| 209786466 | English Navigation Laws | Series of laws passed (1651) to regulate colonial shipping-- only English ships would be allowed to trade in English and colonial ports-- all goods for the colonies had to pass through England-- bred smugglers and dissatisfied colonists | 75 | |
| 209786467 | Sir Edmund Andros | was head of Dominion-- English militiary man--no one liked him because he was strongly tied to church of England and he was in Puritan Boston--soldiers went against their religious customs-- basically he took away all of their democracy (town meetings, land titles, new laws)-- taxation without representation-- enforced Navigation Laws--no one liked him | 76 | |
| 209786468 | Glorious Revolution | people in England dethroned Catholic James II and enthroned Protestant rulers of Netherlands-- William III and James II's daughter Mary II | 77 | |
| 209786469 | salutary neglect | relaxation of royal grip on colonial trade--Navigation Laws weakly enforced | 78 | |
| 209786470 | New Netherland | discovered by Henry Hudson in the Hudson River area-- began in 1623-- Established by the Dutch West India company for fur trade-- bought Manhattan for pennies per acre--New Amsterdam (NYC) company town-- aristocratic-- became diverse | 79 | |
| 209786471 | patroonship | fuedal estates fronting the Hudson River-- aristocratic-- one was bigger than Rhode Island | 80 | |
| 209786472 | Peter Stuyvesant | leader of a small Dutch military expedition in 1655 against the Swedes who had settled in Delaware--had a lost leg-- Swedish rule fell after siege-- absorbed by New Netherland-- was forced to surrender to English who wayyyy outnumbered him (so it was renamed NY after the Duke of York) | 81 | |
| 209786473 | Quakers | "Religious Society of Friends" -- dissenters which arose in 1600 England-- they quaked when under deep religious emotion-- refused to support Church of England with taxes-- had simple meetings without paid clergy-- spoke up when moved--would take no oaths-- refused military service-- passive resistance | 82 | |
| 209786474 | "bread colonies" | Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey-- lots of exports of grain | 83 | |
| 209786475 | mercantilism | nationalist economy-- in order to build up your gold and silver, you have to get it from someone else-- It helps with trade and things to get more stuff in your countries favor | 84 | |
| 209786476 | "freedom dues" | what white indentured servants gained after their servitude was over: an ax, a hoe, a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, a small parcel of land | 85 | |
| 209786477 | headright system | encouraged the importation of servant workers in Virginia and Maryland-- whoever imported one got 50 acres of land | 86 | |
| 209786478 | Bacon's Rebellion | led by Nathan Bacon-- about a thousand Virginians broke out of control in 1676-- resented Governor Wiliam Berkeley's policy towards the Indians and his monopolization of the fur trade-- they were poor frontiersmen-- they attacked many Indian settlements, chased Berkeley out of town, and burned the capital-- but Bacon died! so then Berkeley punished a bunch of people and the rebellion ended-- but the tensions of the indentured servants remained | 87 | |
| 209786479 | Royal African Company | previous to 1698 had held a monopoly on carrying slaves to the colonies-- so more people became invested in it | 88 | |
| 209786480 | middle passage | passage between Africa and the Americas in which the death rates were about 20 percent | 89 | |
| 209786481 | chattels | the slave "property" of white slave owners-- included the blacks and their children for life | 90 | |
| 209786482 | ringshout | a West African religious dance performed by shuffling in a circle while answering a preacher's shouts was brought to colonial America by slaves and contributed to jazz eventually | 91 | |
| 209786483 | 1712 slave revolt- New York | caused by the desire for freedom of the slaves-- 9 whites died and 21 blacks (some burned at the stake) | 92 | |
| 209786484 | Stono Rebellion | 50 blacks tried to march to Spanish Florida | 93 | |
| 209786485 | "first families of Virginia" | families established in Virginia before 1690-- the Fitzhughs, the Lees, and the Washingtons--composed of 70 percent of Virginia's legislature | 94 | |
| 209786486 | Mother Phips | she bore 27 children- including William Phips (governor of MA) -- she was a testament to the huge reproductive power of New England | 95 | |
| 209786487 | proprietors | town fathers who were entrusted the distribution of land in new towns-- laid out a town with a meeting house, houses, village green, and land | 96 | |
| 209786488 | Harvard | college founded in 1636 by Puritans to train local boys for the ministry | 97 | |
| 209786489 | William and Mary | college founded in 1693-- first southern college | 98 | |
| 209786490 | jeremiada | new form of sermon said about the middle of the 17th century to Puritans--came from prophet Jeremiash who was a dooms sayer--they scolded their parishoners-- decline in conversions | 99 | |
| 209786491 | Half-way Covenant | new formula for church membership-- allowed baptism to the children of the baptized but not yet converted members-- weakened the distinction between the elect and others | 100 | |
| 209786492 | The Massachusetts School Law | established the standards that any town which has 50 or more households must have a school so that the inhabitants could read Scripture (1647) | 101 | |
| 209786493 | Salem "witch" hunt | series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem claimed to have been bewitched by an older women. 20 people were put to death before the trials were stopped by the Governor-- done because of clashes between social classes | 102 | |
| 209786494 | "gold mines of New England" | the codfish abundance off of the coast of Newfoundland which yielded ultimately more wealth thatn all of the Aztec treasures | 103 | |
| 209786495 | Leisler's Rebellion | rebellion in NYC between 1689-1691 that started because of class differences--- revolutionary spirit | 104 |
