AP US History unit 1 test first half
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| 960159494 | Canadian Shield | A huge, rocky region that curves around Hudson Bay like a giant horseshoe. The Shield covers half the land area of Canada. | 1 | |
| 960159495 | Incas | A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire. | 2 | |
| 960159496 | Aztecs | (1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. | 3 | |
| 960159497 | Cahokia | an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200. | 4 | |
| 960159498 | martilineal | based on a woman's family line | 5 | |
| 960159499 | three sister farming | Agricultural system where maize, beans and squash were grown together to maximize yields | 6 | |
| 960159500 | confederacy | a secret agreement between two or more people to perform an unlawful act | 7 | |
| 960159501 | middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. | 8 | |
| 960159502 | caravel | A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. | 9 | |
| 960159503 | plantation | an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical areas) | 10 | |
| 960159504 | ecosystem | a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment | 11 | |
| 960159505 | Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. | 12 | |
| 960159506 | Treaty of Tordesillas | (1494); Divides entire new world between Spain & Portugal, who gets Brazil | 13 | |
| 960159507 | conquistadores | Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory. | 14 | |
| 960159508 | capitalism | wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value | 15 | |
| 960159509 | encomienda | A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it | 16 | |
| 960159510 | noche triste | Spanish term for the night of June 30, 1520, when war began between Aztecs and Spanish, leading to Spanish conquest of Mexico; literally "Sad Night" | 17 | |
| 960159511 | mestizo | a person of mixed spanish and native american descent | 18 | |
| 960159512 | Battle of Acoma | Battle between Spaniards under Don Juan and the Pueblo indians. The Indians were crushed and the area was named New Mexico (cruel to survivors of the battle) | 19 | |
| 960159513 | Pope's Rebellion | An Indian uprising in 1680 where pueblo rebels in an attempt to resist catholicism and Europeans all together destroyed every catholic church in the province and killed scores of priests and hundreds of spanish settlers. | 20 | |
| 960159514 | Black Legend | Concept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit | 21 | |
| 960159515 | Hiawatha | A Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquis Confederacy around 1570. | 22 | |
| 960159516 | Ferdinand and Isabella | Spanish monarchs who funded Columbus' expedition to the West Indies | 23 | |
| 960159517 | Christopher Columbus | "discovered" America on accident; actually was en route to India for spices | 24 | |
| 960159518 | Francisco Coronado | A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos. | 25 | |
| 960159519 | Francisco Pizarro | A Spanish conquistador who went to the Incas and took emporer prisoner and then killed him and took over the Inca empire | 26 | |
| 960159520 | Bartolome de las Casas | priest that said that the spanish should try to convert native americans to christianity by showing them love gentleness and kindness. | 27 | |
| 960159521 | Hernan Cortes | 1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico | 28 | |
| 960159522 | Malinche | Female Indian slave who served as interpreter for Cortes | 29 | |
| 960159523 | Moctezuma | Aztec emperor defeated and killed by the Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes. | 30 | |
| 960159524 | Tenochtitlan | Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. | 31 | |
| 960159525 | Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) | English explorer sent to northeastern coast of North America in 1497 and 1498. | 32 | |
| 960159526 | Robert de La Salle | Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV | 33 | |
| 960159527 | Father Junipero Serra | A major Canadian Franciscan friar that founded the mission chain in California. He was a great promoter of the spread of Christianity because of his missions. | 34 | |
| 960159528 | C/E: The Great Ice Age | Exposure of a land bridge between Asia and North America | 35 | |
| 960159529 | C/E: The cultivation of maize | the formation of large, sophisticated civilizations in Mexico and South America | 36 | |
| 960159530 | C/E: New sailing technology and desire for spices | European voyages around Africa and across the Atlantic attempting to reach Asia | 37 | |
| 960159531 | C/E: Portugal's creation of sugar plantations on Atlantic coastal islands | The rapid expansion of the African slave trade | 38 | |
| 960159532 | Columbus' first encounter with the new world | a global exchange of animals, plants, and diseases | 39 | |
| 960159533 | Native Americans' lack of immunity to smallpox, malaria, and yellow fever | a decline of 90% in the new world indian population | 40 | |
| 960159534 | the spanish conquest of large quantities of new world gold and silver | rapid expansion of global economic commerce and manufacturing | 41 | |
| 960159535 | Aztec legends of a returning god, quetzalcoatl | cortes' relatively easy conquest of tenochtitlan | 42 | |
| 960159536 | the spanish need to protect mexico against french and english encroachment | establishment of spanish settlements in florida and new mexico | 43 | |
| 960159537 | franciscan friars' desire to convert pacific coast indians to catholicism | formation of a chain of mission settlements in CA | 44 | |
| 960159538 | nationalism | fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state | 45 | |
| 960159539 | Protestant reformation | movement aimed at reforming the catholic church, started by martin luther | 46 | |
| 960159540 | Roanoke Island | island settled by Sir Walter Raleigh, mysteriously vanished | 47 | |
| 960159541 | Spanish Armada | Fleet of ships formed by spain to try to defeat british navy | 48 | |
| 960159542 | Primogeniture | Practice that gave 1st born son all of his father's land to inherit | 49 | |
| 960159543 | Joint-stock company | a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders | 50 | |
| 960159544 | Charter | a document given to a person, usually wealthy, that gives them a certain amount of land | 51 | |
| 960159545 | Jamestown | settlement in Virginia named after King James that was successful due to the growth of tobacco, the leadership of John Smith, and the help of the native Americans (pocahontas, powhatan) | 52 | |
| 960159546 | First Anglo-Powhatan War | B/w English and Indians, started after tensions b/w them, especially intensified by Lord De La Warr | 53 | |
| 960159547 | Second Anglo-Powhatan War | Indian's final attempt to dislodge settlers- failed | 54 | |
| 960159548 | House of Burgesses | assembly formed in Virginia, first form of representative self-government in America. | 55 | |
| 960159549 | Act of Toleration | law passed in MD that granted tolerance to Catholics and Christians, but death to non-believers of Christ. | 56 | |
| 960159550 | Feudal | concerning the hierarchal, decentralized medieval social system of personal obligations between the rulers and the ruled | 57 | |
| 960159551 | indentured servant | a poor person obligated to a fixed term of unpaid labor, often in exchange for a benefit such as transportation, protection, or training | 58 | |
| 960159552 | Barbados Slave Code | harsh rules against slaves that served as the basis of slave laws in the colonies | 59 | |
| 960159553 | Squatters | people who lived on a piece of land without having the legal right to be there | 60 | |
| 960159554 | Iriquois Confederacy | a league of Indian tribes that bound together the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas on a basis of equality | 61 | |
| 960159555 | Tuscarora War | in 1711 a brutal attack made by the Tuscaroras on North Carolina | 62 | |
| 960159556 | Buffer | area between two feuding colonies meant to keep the peace | 63 | |
| 960159557 | Henry VIII | broke with the roman catholic church and launched the protestant reformation | 64 | |
| 960159558 | Elizabeth I | monarch that energized England into exploring the world | 65 | |
| 960159559 | Sir Francis Drake | English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596) | 66 | |
| 960159560 | Sir Walter Raleigh | tried to settle on Roanoke and failed | 67 | |
| 960159561 | James I | granted a charter to Virginia company to settle in VA | 68 | |
| 960159562 | Captain John Smith | whipped colonists in Jamestown into shape with his "no work, no food" policy | 69 | |
| 960159563 | Powhatan | "Captured" John Smith in mock execution to show that the Indians wanted peace with the colonists | 70 | |
| 960159564 | Pocahontas | Powhatan's daughter who later grew sweet tobacco with her husband John Rolfe | 71 | |
| 960159565 | Lord De La Warr | headed relief party for Jamestown; harsh to Indians but a military genius; employed "irish tactics" against the Indians | 72 | |
| 960159566 | John Rolfe | Married Pocahontas and grew sweet tobacco; this crop was essential to growing the Virginia colony economically | 73 | |
| 960159567 | Lord Baltimore | founded Maryland as a safe haven for Catholics | 74 | |
| 960159568 | Oliver Cromwell | ruled England for 10 years up until the Restoration | 75 | |
| 960159569 | James Oglethorpe | founded Georgia as a buffer colony between English in South Carolina and the Spanish in Florida | 76 | |
| 960159570 | Calvinism | heresy founded by John Calvin based on Martin Luther's idea of predestination | 77 | |
| 960159571 | Predestination | idea that your fate, or where you go after you die, has already been decided and you can't change it | 78 | |
| 960159572 | elect | in calvinist doctrine, those who have been chosen by God for salvation | 79 | |
| 960159573 | conversion | the process of changing one's mind and heart, usually in religion | 80 | |
| 960159574 | visible saints | In Calvinism, those who publicly proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives. | 81 | |
| 960159575 | Puritans | A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay. | 82 | |
| 960159576 | Separatists | English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England. Included the Pilgrims and Quakers | 83 | |
| 960159577 | Mayflower Compact | Document written by settlers as a promising step toward self-government | 84 | |
| 960159578 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | 1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government. | 85 | |
| 960159579 | Great Migration | 1630s- 70,000 refugees left England for New World | 86 | |
| 960159580 | calling | in Protestantism, the belief that saved individuals have a religious obligation to engage in worldly work | 87 | |
| 960159581 | Antinomianism | An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed God's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson. | 88 | |
| 960159582 | heresy | departure from correct or officially defined belief | 89 | |
| 960159583 | seditious | concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government | 90 | |
| 960159584 | Fundamental Orders | First Constitution written in America - limited the governor's power in Connecticut, allowed non church members to vote | 91 | |
| 960159585 | Pequot War | 1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed. | 92 | |
| 960159586 | King Philip's War | 1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion. | 93 | |
| 960159587 | New England Confederation | 1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies. | 94 | |
| 960159588 | English Civil War | Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king | 95 | |
| 960159589 | Dominion of New England | 1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros. | 96 | |
| 960159590 | Navigation Laws | Promoted English shipping and control colonial trade; made Americans ship all non-British items to England before going to America | 97 | |
| 960159591 | Glorious Revolution | A bloodless revolt in England against Catholic King James II that led to his overthrow and the appointment of Protestant daughter Mary to the throne. These events in England allowed many colonists in America to get rid of hated officials too | 98 | |
| 960159592 | Salutary Neglect | An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies | 99 | |
| 960159593 | Patroonships | Vast estates along the Hudson River established by the Dutch. They had difficulty attracting peasant labor, and most were not successful. | 100 | |
| 960159594 | Quakers | A form of Protestantism in which the believers were pacifists and would shake at the power of the word of the Lord | 101 | |
| 960159595 | passive resistance | Nonviolent action or opposition to authority, often in accord with religious or moral beliefs (used by the Quakers) | 102 | |
| 960159596 | asylum | A place of refuge and security, especially for the persecuted or unfortunate | 103 | |
| 960159597 | proprietary | concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch | 104 | |
| 960159598 | Martin Luther | 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion. | 105 | |
| 960159599 | John Calvin | Founded Calvinism, influenced by Martin Luther | 106 | |
| 960159600 | William Bradford | A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. | 107 | |
| 960159601 | John Winthrop | 1588-1649 First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. | 108 | |
| 960159602 | Anne Hutchinson | A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority. | 109 | |
| 960159603 | Roger Williams | A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south | 110 | |
| 960159604 | Massasoit | Chief of the Wampanoag Indians who helped the Pilgrims survive. They had peace for 40 years until his death. | 111 | |
| 960159605 | Metacom (King Philip) | Wampanoag Chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676. Though he himself was eventually captured and killed, his wife and son sold into slavery, his assault halted New England's westward expansion for several decades | 112 | |
| 960159606 | Charles II | King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism | 113 | |
| 960159607 | Sir Edmond Andros | Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England. | 114 | |
| 960159608 | William III | Prince of Orange, became co-monarch of England after Glorious Revolution | 115 | |
| 960159609 | Mary II | (1689-1694) This daughter of James II came to the throne and ruled jointly with her husband and 1st cousin, William of Orange, when James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution. | 116 | |
| 960159610 | Henry Hudson | An English explorer who explored for the Dutch. He claimed the Hudson River around present day New York and called it New Netherland. | 117 | |
| 960159611 | Peter Stuyvesant | A Dutch General; He led a small military expedition in 1664. He was known as "Father Wooden Leg". Lost the New Netherlands to the English. He was governor of New Netherlands | 118 | |
| 960159612 | Duke of York | Brother of King Charles II and took New Netherlands (which was later named New York) and became a very large proprietor | 119 | |
| 960159613 | William Penn | A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. | 120 |
