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Review Quiz Key Terms/People/Date 7-12 Flashcards

Review for APUSH: Ch. 7-11

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709174078Samuel Adamsboston revolutionary who organized massachusetts' committees of correspondence to help sustain opposition to British policies. A delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses, he continued to play a key role throughout the revolutionary and early national periods, later serving as governor of his home state1
709174079Crispus Attucksrunaway slave and leader of the Boston protests that resulted in the "boston massacre", first to die2
709174080George IIIbritish monarch during the run-up to the american revolution, he contributed to the imperial crisis with his dogged insistence on asserting Britain's power over her colonial possessions3
709174081grenvillebritish prime minister who fueled tensions between britain and her north american colonies through the strict enforcement of navigation laws and his support for the sugar and stamp acts4
709174082lafayettefrench nobleman who served as major general in the colonial army during the american revolution and aided the newly-independent colonies in securing french support5
709174083hutchinsonroyal governor of massachusetts during the run-up to the revolution, he misjudged colonial zeal during the tea act controversy and insisted that East India Company ships unload in Boston Harbor6
709174084townshendbritish prime minister whose ill-conceived duties on the colonies sparked fierce protests in the colonies and escalated the imperial conflict7
709174085benedict arnoldrevolutionary war general turned traitor, who valiantly held off a british invasion of upstate NY at lake champlain, but later switched sides, plotting to sell out the continental stronghold at west point to the redcoats8
709174086burgoynebritish general who led the invasion of upstate NY, suffering a crushing defeat at Saratoga9
709174087cornwallisbritish general during the revolutionary war who, having failed to crush Greene's forces in SC retreated to Virginia, where his defeat at Yorktown marked the beginning of the end for Britain's efforts to suppress the colonial rebellion10
709174088benjamin franklinamerican printer, inventor, statesman and revolutionary, he first established himself in Philadelphia as a leading newspaper printer, inventor and author of Poor Richard's Almanac11
709174089richard henry leevirginia planter and revolutionary, first introduced the motion asserting america's independence12
709174090thomas painebritish-born pamphleteer and author of Common Sense, laid out the case for American independence13
709174091patrick henryamerican revolutionary and champion of states rights, he became a prominent anti-federalist during the ratification debate, opposing what he saw as despotic tendencies in the new national constitution14
709174092daniel shaysrevolutionary war veteran who led a group of debtors and impoverished backcountry farmers in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government calling for paper money, lighter taxes, end to property seizures for debt15
709174093john adamsamerican revolutionary, statesman and 2nd pres of US16
709174094edmond genetrepresentative of the french republic who tried to recruit Americans to invade Spanish and British territories in blatant disregard of Washington's Neutrality Proclamation17
709174095alexander hamiltonrevolutionary war soldier and first treasury secretary of the US. Fierce proponent of a strong national government18
709174096john jayleading american revolutionary and diplomat, who negotiated the Treaty of Paris and later. He also served as the first chief justice of the Supreme Court19
709174097little turtlemiami indian chief whose warriors routed American forces along the Ohio river. He and his braves were defeated by General Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and were forced to cede vast tracts20
709174098talleyrandfrench foreign minister whose attempts to solicit bribes from American envoys in the infamous XYZ affair prompted widespread calls for war with france21
709174099george washingtonrevolutionary war general and 1st president of the US22
709174100aaron burrrevolutionary war soldier and vice president under Jefferson, he is perhaps most famous for fatally wounding Hamilton in a duel. Led a failed plot to separate the trans-mississippi west from the US23
709174101william clarkjoined meriwether lewis in leading the expedition of Louisiana territory. He played a key role in shaping America's Indian policy, seeking to strengthen American relations with the Indians through trade24
709174102thomas jeffersonauthor of the declaration of independence, ambassador to France, 3rd pres. of the US25
709174103meriwether lewisamerican soldier and explorer who led the famous expedition through Louisiana territory26
709174104james madisonprincipal author of the Constitution, co-author of The Federalist, 4th press. of the US, leading advocate of strong national government27
709174105john marshallchief justice of the supreme court, he strengthened the role of the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review28
709174106tecumsehaccomplished Shawnee warrior, he sought to establish a confederacy of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. He opposed individual tribes' selling of land to the US29
709174107francis scott keyamerican author and lawyer who composed the "star spangled banner" while observing the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the deck of a british ship where he was detained30
709174108james monroerevolutionary war soldier, statesman, 5th pres. of the US. he supported protective tariffs and a national bank, but maintained a jeffersonian opposition to federally-funded internal improvements31
709174109hazard oliver perryamerican naval officer whose decisive victory of a british fleet on Lake Erie during the war of 1812 reinvigorated American morale and paved the way for General Harrison's victory at the Battle of the Thames in 181332
709174110admiralty courtsused to try offenders for violating the various Navigation Acts passed by the crown after the French and Indian War33
709174111boston massacreclash between unruly bostonian protestors and locally-stationed British redcoats, who fired on the crowd, killing/wounding 11 citizens34
709174112boston tea partyrowdy protest against the british east india company's tea35
709174113committees of correspondencelocal committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the 13 colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets36
709174114declaratory actpassed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies37
709174115first continental congressconvention of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts38
709174116intolerable actsseries of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston39
709174117battles of lexington and concordfirst battles of the revolutionary war, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions40
709174118mercantilismeconomic theory that closely linked a nation's political and military power to its bullion reserves41
709174119nonimportation agreementsboycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend and Intolerable Acts.42
709174120quartering actrequired colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights43
709174121quebec actallowed the french residents of Quebec to retain their traditional political and religious institutions, and extended the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River44
709174122radical whigs18th century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights45
709174123republicanismpolitical theory of representative gov., based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue46
709174124sons of libertypatriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements47
709174125stamp act congressassembly of delegates from 9 colonies who met in NYC to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote intercolonial unity48
709174126stamp taxwidely-unpopular tax on an array of paper goods49
709174127sugar actduty on imported sugar from the West Indies50
709174128townshend actslevies on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies51
709174129valley forgeencampment where Washington's poorly-equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter.52
709174130armed neutralityloose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American independence53
709174131battle of bunker hillfought on the outskirts of Boston, on Breed's Hill, the battle ended in the colonial militia's retreat, though at a heavy cost to the British54
709174132common sensePaine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican gov.55
709174133declaration of independenceformal pronouncement of independence drafted by Jefferson and approved by Congress. The declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide56
709174134hessiansgerman troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection57
709174135loyalistsamerican colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King58
709174136model treatysample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the Americans' desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements59
709174137olive branch petitionconciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion60
709174138treaty of parispeace treaty signed by Britain the US ending the Revolutionary War61
709174139privateersprivately-owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping during the Revolutionary War62
709174140battle of saratogadecisive colonial victory in upstate NY, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause63
709174141second continental congressrepresentative body of delegates from all 13 colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort64
709174142battle of yorktownwashington, with the aid of the french, besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for eventual peace65
709174143antifederalistsopponents of 1787 constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights66
709174144articles of confederationfirst american constitution that established the US as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes67
709174145civic virtuewillingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic68
709174146federalistsproponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties69
709174147great compromisepopular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College70
709174148land ordinance of 1785provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt71
709174149new jersey plan"small-state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature72
709174150northwest ordinancecreated a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories73
709174151old northwestterritories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes.74
709174152shay's rebellionarmed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures75
709174153the federalistcollection of essays written by Jay, Madison, Hamilton, and published during the ratification debate in NY to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new constitution76
7091741543/5 compromisedetermined that each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation77
709174155virginia plan"large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation78
709174156virginia statute for religious freedommeasure enacted by the virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship.79
709174157alien lawsacts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to 14 years and granting the press. the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace80
709174158assumptiontransfer of debt from one party to another81
709174159bank of the united stateschartered by Congress as part of Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional82
709174160bill of rightspopular term for the first 10 amendments to the US constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution83
709174161convention of 1800agreement to formally dissolve the US treaty with france, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. THe difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers84
709174162excise taxtax on goods produced domestically85
709174163battle of fallen timbersdecisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the US army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the US86
709174164farewell addressWashington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis87
709174165funding at parpayment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value88
709174166treaty of greenvilleunder the terms of the treaty, the Miami confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the US in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights and formal recognition of their sovereign status89
709174167jay's treatynegotiated by Chief Justice Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain90
709174168judiciary act of 1789organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general91
709174169neutrality proclamationissued by Washington, it proclaiming America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians92
709174170pinckney's treatysigned with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida93
709174171sedition actenacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials or interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine94
709174172tarifftax levied on imports95
709174173virginia and kentucky resolutionsstatements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia.96
709174174whiskey rebellionpopular uprising of Whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax on Whiskey.97
709174175XYZ affairdiplomatic conflict between France and the US when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister.98
709174176chesapeake affairconflict between britain and the US that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on an american ship99
709174177corps of discoveryteam of adventurers, led by Lewis and Clark, sent by Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific.100
709174178embargo actenacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, it banned the export of all goods from the US to any foreign port101
709174179impressmentact of forcibly drafting an individual into military service102
709174180judiciary act of 1801passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created 16 new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary103
709174181louisiana purchaseacquisition of Louisiana territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the US, opening vast tracts for settlement104
709174182macon's bill no. 2aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the US would reinstate the embargo against the non-repealing nation105
709174183marbury v. madisonsupreme court case that established the principle of "judicial review"-the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality106
709174184midnight judgesfederal justices appointed by Adams during the last days of the presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly-elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act107
709174185non-intercourse actpassed alongside the repeal of the Embargo act, it reopened trade with all but the 2 belligerent nations, Britain and France108
709174186orders in counciledicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping109
709174187patronagepractice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office110
709174188revolution of 1800electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their congressional majority and the presidency.111
709174189battle of tippecanoeresulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the prophet" at the hands William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the US112
709174190war hawksdemocratic-republican congressmen who pressed Madison to declare war on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented british constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier113
709174191american systemhenry clay's three-ponged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff and a federally funded transportation network114
709174192anglo-american conventionpact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years115
709174193cohens v. virginiacase that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government116
709174194dartmouth college v. woodwardsupreme court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations form domination by state governments117
709174195era of good feelingspopular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements118
709174196fletcher v. peckestablished firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal constitution119
709174197florida purchase treatyunder the agreement, spain ceded Florida to the US, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas120
709174198treaty of ghentended the war of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought American into the war121
709174199gibbons v. ogdensuit over whether NY could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce122
709174200hartford conventionconvention of federalists from 5 new england states who opposed the war of 1812 and resented the strength of the Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House123
709174201land act of 1820fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit124
709174202loose constructionlegal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally-mandated responsibilities125
709174203mcculloch v. marylandsupreme court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the B.U.S. by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank126
709174204missouri compromiseallowed missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between north and south by carving free-soil maine out of Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery127
709174205monroe doctrinestatement delivered by President Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas128
709174206battle of new orleansresounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812129
709174207panic of 1819severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the BUS to curb over-speculation on western lands.130
709174208peculiar institutionwidely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South131
709174209rush-bagot agreementsigned by Britain and the US, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the US-Canadian border132
709174210russo-american treatyfixed the line of 54 40 as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America133
709174211tallmadge amendmentfailed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation134
709174212tariff of 1816first protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812135
709174213war of 1812fought between Britain and the US largely over the issues of trade and impressment136
7091742141588spanish armada137
7091742151607jamestown138
7091742161620mayflower compact139
7091742171630-1642great migration140
7091742181639fundamental orders141
7091742191649maryland act of toleration142
7091742201661barbados slave code143
7091742211662half-way covenant144
7091742221675/6king philips war145
7091742231676bacon's rebellion146
7091742241686dominion of new england147
7091742251688glorious revolution148
7091742261692salem witch trials149
7091742271730s-1740s1st great awakening150
7091742281734/5zenger trial151
7091742291739stono rebellion152
7091742301754albany congress153
7091742311754-63french and indian war154
7091742321759battle of quebec155
7091742331763pontiac's uprising156
7091742341764paxton boys157
7091742351764sugar act158
7091742361765stamp tax159
7091742371775battle of bunker hill160
7091742381775olive branch petition161
7091742391776common sense162
7091742401777battle of saratoga163
7091742411781battle of yorktown164
7091742421781articles of confederation165
7091742431783treaty of paris166
7091742441786VA statue of religious freedom167
7091742451786shay's rebellion168
7091742461787great compromise169
7091742471788the federalist papers170
7091742481790assumption bill171
7091742491791bill of rights172
7091742501793cotton gin173
7091742511791bank of US chartered174
7091742521794whiskey rebellion175
7091742531794battle of fallen timbers176
7091742541794jay's treaty177
7091742551795treaty of greenville178
7091742561797XYZ affair179
7091742571798alien & sedition acts180
7091742581798/9VA & KY resolutions181
7091742591801judiciary act182
7091742601803louisiana purchase183
7091742611803marbury v. madison184
7091742621807embargo act185
7091742631811battle of tippecanoe186
7091742641815battle of new orleans187
7091742651816tariff of 1816188
7091742661816-1824era of good feelings189
7091742671819panic of 1819190
7091742681820samerican system191
7091742691820missouri compromise192
7091742701823monroe doctrine193
7091742711825corrupt bargain194
7091742721825erie canal completed195
7091742731828tariff of abominations196
7091742741830indian removal act197
7091742751831mccormick reaper198
7091742761833compromise tariff of 1833199
7091742771833force bill200
7091742781836the alamo201
7091742791836battle of san jacinto202
7091742801837panic of 1837203
7091742811838trail of tears204
7091742821839amistad slave ship trial205
7091742831848seneca falls convention206
7091742841851maine (temperance) law207

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