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| 1056436411 | Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis | -argued that end of "frontier" also marker the end of the most democratizing forces of american life -his assessment= inaccurate: west was never a frontier by his definition (empty, uncivilized land awaiting settlement), white migrants had already displaced established societies and culture, also unoccupied land for many later years -but he did express an accurate sense that much of the farming and grazing land was now taken, in the future it would be harder to acquire valuable land cheaply | 1 | |
| 1056436412 | U.S. actions towards Plains Natives before the civil war ("concentration policy" ) | 1851, each tribe was assigned its own defined reservation, confirmed by separate treaties (illegitimately negotiated by treaty chiefs) -divided tribes and made them easier to control, government could force tribes into scattered locations and take over the nest lands for white settlement -didn't survive as basis of Indian policy for long | 2 | |
| 1056436413 | Indian peace commission and it's decisions | 1867, after series of bloody conflicts, congress established an Indian Peace Commission made up of soldiers and civilians -the commission recommended replacing "concentration" policy with a plan to move all the plains Indians into two large territories: Oklahoma and the Dakotas. The tribes were tricked and bribed into agreeing | 3 | |
| 1056436414 | Bureau of Indian Affairs | -It was a branch of the department of the interior -It was responsible for managing Indian matters: marking payments, shipping supplies, distributing land -agents in the West= products of political patronage, incompetent, dishonest, ill-prepared -it administered reservations very poorly | 4 | |
| 1056436415 | 1867 treaty of Fort Laramie | -guaranteed to the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills, and further land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. The Powder River Country was to be henceforth closed to all whites. The treaty ended Red Cloud's War. | 5 | |
| 1056436416 | 1876-Battle of Little Bighorn | -2,500 Indian warriors (largest Indian army ever assembled at any time in the US) attacked a US expedition led by the colonel of the 7th cavalry, George A. Custer. Indians killed all of the Americans, but unity didn't last for long and Sioux were soon broken up | 6 | |
| 1056436417 | Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce | One of the most dramatic episodes was in Idaho. Nez perce forced to re-locate out of Oregon. On the way, 4 drunk members killed a few white settlers. The leader of the band, Chief Joseph, helped tribe members flee from retribution. They became part of a remarkable chase across the country (whites pursued them hoping to kill them). When they surrendered, they weren't killed but shipped around for many years until almost all of the members died | 7 | |
| 1056436418 | Geronimo and the Apache | Last Indians to maintain organized resistance = Chiricahua -two ablest chiefs= Mangas Colorados and Chochise -Mangas murdered in a civil war. 1872, Chochise agreed to a peace treaty that give up some of the tribe's traditional land. He died in 1874 and his successor, Geronimo, fought for 10 more years. He established bases in AZ and MX and organized raids on white outposts *in 18886, he surrendered in an event that marked the end of formal warfare between Indians and whites | 8 | |
| 1056436419 | 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre | Dec. 29. 1890: the seventh cavalry tried to round up 350 starving sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Fighting broke out and it turned into a one-sided massacre by white soldiers | 9 | |
| 1056436420 | Dawes Severalty Act/Burke Act | -provided for gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land and allotment of tracts to individuals: 160 acres to head of family, 80 acres to single adult or orphan, 40 acres to each dependent child -applied to most Western tribes -relentlessly promoted assimilation -much of reservation land was never distributed. Congress attempted to speed transition with Burke Act of 1906. Indians continued to resist forced assimilation | 10 | |
| 1056436421 | General issues with "rise and decline of the western farmer" | -in most cases of drought, only large-scale irrigation could save farms, but the state and fed. govt was unprepared to fund this -in the booming years of the early 1880s, framers could easily obtain credit--thought they could repay debts -but in the late 1880s, when crop prices decreased, but production costs increased, 1000s couldn't pay debts and abandoned their farms -american commercial farmers produced more than the domestic markets could use, relied on the world market to take surplus, but there they faced major competition | 11 | |
| 1056436422 | Economic problems facing farmers-grievances with corporate America | -farmers concentrated their anger on more immediate problems: inequitable freight rates, high interest rates, inadequate currency -biggest grievance against railroads--charged higher rate for farm goods than other goods, high rates in S. and W. than in the NE -also resented institutions controlling credit. Farmers had to take loans on whatever terms they could get and pay them back in years when prices decreased and currency was scarce. Increasing the volume of currency eventually became an important agrarian demand -became ware that "middlemen" were combing prices to benefit themselves at the growers expense -also believed that manufacturers in the E. were conspiring to keep prices of farm goods low and prices of industrial goods high | 12 |
