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Campbell AP Biology Chapter 16 9th edition vocabulary Flashcards

Campbell AP Biology Chapter 16 9th edition vocabulary

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1404111762BacteriaOne of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea.0
1404111763BacteriophageA virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.1
1404111764BacteriumMember of the prokaryotic domain Bacteria.2
1404111765ChromatinThe complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.3
1404111766deoxyriboseThe sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.4
1404111767DNA ligaseA linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain).5
1404111768DNA polymeraseAn enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain. There are several different DNA polymerases; DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I play major roles in DNA replication in prokaryotes.6
1404111769Double helixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.7
1404111770EuchromatinThe less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.8
1404111771HelicaseAn enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.9
1404111772HeterochromatinEukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed.10
1404111773HistoneA small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure.11
1404111774Lagging strandA discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5'3' direction away from the replication fork.12
1404111775Leading strandThe new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5'?3' direction.13
1404111776Mismatch repairThe cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides.14
1404111777NucleaseAn enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides.15
1404111778NucleoidA dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.16
1404111779Nucleoid regionA dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.17
1404111780NucleosomeThe basic, bead-like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes, consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of four types of histone.18
1404111781Nucleotide excision repairA repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.19
1404111782Okazaki fragmentA short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication, many of which are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA.20
1404111783Origin of ReplicationSite where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.21
1404111784PhageA virus that infects bacteria; also called a bacteriophage.22
1404111785PrimaseAn enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.23
1404111786PrimerA short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, that is elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication.24
1404111787PyrimidineOne of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are pyrimidines.25
1404111788Radioactive isotopeAn isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy.26
1404111789Repetitive DNANucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and dispersed in the genome.27
1404111790Replication forkA Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.28
1404111791Semiconservative modelType of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.29
1404111792Single-strand DNA-binding proteinA protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA.30
1404111793TelomeraseAn enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.31
1404111794TelomereThe tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule that protects the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication. See also repetitive DNA.32
1404111795Template strandThe DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.33
1404111796TopoisomeraseA protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, topoisomerase helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.34
1404111797Transformation(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.35
1404111798X-ray crystallographyA technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule.36
1404111799antiparallelReferring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' ---> 3' directions.)37
1404111800virusAn infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope.38

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