A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe
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| 1065526384 | Middle Ages | W Europe between fall of Roman Empire and 15th century | 0 | |
| 1065526385 | Gothic | 13th-14th c w Europe architecture w/pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls | 1 | |
| 1065526386 | Vikings | 8th-11th c, Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal Europe Pushed across Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America Formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily | 2 | |
| 1065526387 | Manorialism | Rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during Middle Ages Peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection | 3 | |
| 1065526388 | Serfs | Peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system | 4 | |
| 1065526389 | Moldboard | Adjunct to the plow introduced in northern Europe during Middle Ages Permitted deeper cultivation of heavier soils | 5 | |
| 1065526390 | Three-field system | Dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage (manure) | 6 | |
| 1065526391 | Clovis | King of the Franks who converted to Christianity | 7 | |
| 1065526392 | Carolingians | Royal house of Franks 8th-10th century | 8 | |
| 1065526393 | Charles Martel | First Carolingian king of Franks Defeated Muslims at Tours in 732 | 9 | |
| 1065526394 | Charlemagne | 800, Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany | 10 | |
| 1065526395 | Holy Roman emperors | Political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany Claimed title of emperor, but no centralized monarchy | 11 | |
| 1065526396 | Feudalism | Middle Ages, greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service | 12 | |
| 1065526397 | Vassals | Members of the military elite who got land from lord in return for military service and loyalty | 13 | |
| 1065526398 | Capetians | French dynasty ruling from 10th century Developed strong centralized monarchy | 14 | |
| 1065526399 | William the Conqueror | 1066, invaded England from Normandy Established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England | 15 | |
| 1065526400 | Magna Carta | 1215 charter issued by King John of England Represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers, feudal aristocracy, and supremacy of law | 16 | |
| 1065526401 | Parliaments | Bodies representing privileged groups Institutionalized principle that kings ruled with advice and consent of their subjects | 17 | |
| 1065526402 | Hundred Years War | 1337-1453, conflict between England and France | 18 | |
| 1065526403 | Pope Urban II | 1095, organized first Crusade Appealed to Christians to free Holy Land from Muslim control | 19 | |
| 1065526404 | Investiture | Appointment of bishops Pope Gregory tried to stop it, leading to conflict with Holy Roman emperor Henry IV | 20 | |
| 1065526405 | St. Clare of Assisi | 13th c founder of woman's monastic order Represented new purity and dedication to Catholic church | 21 | |
| 1065526406 | Gregory VII | 11th c Pope who tried to free church from secular control Quarreled with Holy Roman emperor Henry IV over investiture | 22 | |
| 1065526407 | Peter Abelard | Author of Yes and No University scholar who applied logic to theological problems Demonstrated logical contradictions within established doctrine | 23 | |
| 1065526408 | St. Bernard of Clairvaux | Emphasized role of faith in preference to logic Stressed importance of mystical union with God Drove Abelard from universities | 24 | |
| 1065526409 | Thomas Aquinas | Creator of a great synthesis of medieval learning Taught at University of Paris Author of Summas Believed that through reason, could learn much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God | 25 | |
| 1065526410 | Scholasticism | Dominant medieval philosophical approach Named because of base in schools or universities Based on use of logic to resolve theological problems | 26 | |
| 1065526411 | Troubadours | 14th c s France poets who gave new value to love in Western tradition | 27 | |
| 1065526412 | Hanseatic League | N German and Scandinavian cities establish a commercial alliance | 28 | |
| 1065526413 | Jacques Coeur | 15th c French marchet Banker to French monarchy, showed new course of medieval commerce | 29 | |
| 1065526414 | guilds | Associations of workers with the same job in a city Stressed security and mutual control Limited membership, regulated apprenticeship, guaranteed good workmanship Held privileged place in cities | 30 | |
| 1065526415 | Black Death | 14th c Europe Bubonic plague that reduced population and affected social structure | 31 |
