study guide for test on Chapters 20-23 in AP US History, junior year in high school
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| 1989147197 | Fort Sumter | -South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision to fort ~only sending provisions, not men and arms/ammunition ~no lives lost, fort surrendered after 34 hrs. ~changed opinion of neutral northerners (against war) | 0 | |
| 1989152370 | volunteers | -Lincoln called for 75,000 militiamen, response so great many were turned away | 1 | |
| 1989154069 | Conferacy | -South Carolina seceded first -Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina seceded after the victory at Fort Sumter -Virginia became the new capital | 2 | |
| 1989156701 | border states | -5 slave states- Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia- that did not secede during the Civil War -to keep the states in the Union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery but protecting the union -all might have seceded as well if north had fired first shot -contained manufacturing, many Southern whites, and many of the South's horses and mules, rivers too -martial law declared in Maryland (Washington D. C.), soldiers sent to Missouri and West Virginia | 3 | |
| 1989158820 | West Virginia (admitted 1863) | -mountainous region that broke away from Virginia in 1861 to form its own state after Virginia seceded from the Union -most of the residents were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and thus opposed the Confederate cause | 4 | |
| 1989164029 | Indians | -supported the Confederacy because the their debts were taken -sent delegates to Confederate Congress, supplied troops, owned slaves | 5 | |
| 1989168334 | Southern strengths and weaknesses | -only had to fight Union to a draw for independence -transportation of food and supplies to the soldiers difficult -had Robert E. Lee and "Stonewall" Jackson -well adjusted to soldier life (fields and horses) | 6 | |
| 1989171983 | Northern strengths and weaknesses | -greater economy and controlled the sea -more populated -immigrants helped increase numbers -not as adjusted to soldier life (fields and horses) -needed good General, lacking until Lincoln found Grant | 7 | |
| 1989175703 | foreign assistance | -South needed help to win -European ruling class sympathetic to the South, semi-feudal aristocratic society -common people in Europe against slavery (England and France) -they did not need the South because of the surplus the South produced in previous years -they needed corn and wheat which could also be attained from the North | 8 | |
| 1989179947 | Trent Affair (1861) | -diplomatic row that threatened to bring the British into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested two Confederate diplomats on board ~British prepared to fight, slow communication allowed to cool | 9 | |
| 1989184520 | Alabama (1862-1864) | -British-built and manned Confederate warship that raided Union shipping during the Civil War -one of many built by the British for the Confederacy, despite Union protests ~British base ports, never touched Confederate ports | 10 | |
| 1989186982 | Laird rams (1863) | -two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm -seeking to avoid war with the U.S., the British government purchased the 2 ships for its Royal Navy instead (John Laird and sons) ~would have caused American war with Canada | 11 | |
| 1989190685 | Dominion of Canada (est. 1867) | -unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the U.S. | 12 | |
| 1989195421 | wartime limitations | -Lincoln defied constitution, accepted, would be normal post war -drafted blockade, increased size of federal army (only Congress can normally do), advanced $2 million without approbation/security, suspended habeas corpus -Davis couldn't take the same liberties | 13 | |
| 1989197420 | writ of habeas corpus | -petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest -protects individuals from arbitrary state action -suspended by Lincoln during Civil War -"you may have the body" | 14 | |
| 1989202651 | New York Draft riots (1863) | -uprising, mostly of working-class, Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft -rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions | 15 | |
| 1989204710 | drafting | -North at first only volunteers but 1863 Congress passed federal conscription (1st time nationwide, 90% volunteers) -unfair to poor, rich hired others/bought out for $300 -black could not fight -200,000 deserters, some from poor houses of Europe, to claim bounty offered by north for fighting -South resorted to conscription early April 1862, ages 17-50 ~slave owners also exempt, bad feelings from poor ~poor men fighting a rich man's war | 16 | |
| 1989211608 | Morril Tariff Act | -increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War | 17 | |
| 1989212282 | greenbacks | -paper money issued by the Union Treasury during the Civil War -inadequately supported by gold, fluctuated in value throughout the war, reaching as low as 39 cents on the dollar | 18 | |
| 1989214749 | National Banking System (1863) | -network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds -created during Civil War to establish stable national currency and stimulate sale of war bonds | 19 | |
| 1989217361 | Homestead Act (1862) | -a federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it -make land accessible to settlers, disappointing when land infertile or best land to others | 20 | |
| 1989220091 | U.S. Sanitary Commission (est. 1861) | -founded with help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals (for Union) -helped professionalize nursing empowered women especially postwar (confidence/organization) -Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix (Union) -Sally Tompkins (Confederate) | 21 | |
| 1989224107 | Bull Run (Manassas Junction, July 1861) | -first major battle of the Civil War and a victory for the South, it dispelled Northern illusions of a swift victory -people came to watch, not taken seriously -where Thomas J. Jackson earned nickname -water by North -city by South -Northern plan to capture Virginia -caused Southern overconfidence | 22 | |
| 1989228542 | George B. McClellan | -1861: given command of Army of the Potomac -brilliant Union, West Point graduate -good at organizing, drilling, empowering -hated to sacrifice his men, always believed they were outnumbered, overcautious -kept drilling, had to be ordered to move forward | 23 | |
| 1989232438 | Peninsula Campaign (1862) | -Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital -had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time -held up before Richmond, reinforcements diverted to Stonewall Jackson away from Washington D. C. -General Lee led to counterattack for 7 days, drove McClellan back to sea -Confederates lost more troops -Lincoln began to draft the Emancipation Proclamation, total war | 24 | |
| 1989241510 | Northern military plan | -slowly suffocate south by blockading ports -liberate slaves undermining the economic foundations 0cut the Confederacy in half by seizing the Mississippi River -chop Confederacy to pieces by sending troops through Georgia and South Carolina -capture Richmond -engage enemy's main strength everywhere -focused energy on blockading Southern ports (easily broken) | 25 | |
| 1993703403 | Merrimack and Monitor (1862) | -Confederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose successes against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships -they fought a historic, though inconsequential, battle in 1862 -Confederate ship renamed the Virginia | 26 | |
| 1993723376 | Second Battle of Bull Run (August 1862) | -Civil War battle that ended in a decisive victory for the Confederate General Robert E. Lee, who was emboldened to push further into the North (General John Pope-Union) | 27 | |
| 1993729774 | Antietam (Sept. 1862) | -landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union army, forestalling foreign intervention and giving Lincoln the "victory" he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation -single bloodiest day of the war | 28 | |
| 1993764919 | Emancipation Proclamation (1863) | -declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States -closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines -caused war to become over moral issue of slavery -freed slaves where Lincoln didn't have authority, didn't free slaves where Lincoln did have authority | 29 | |
| 1993836366 | Thirteenth Amendment (1865) | -Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude -former Confederate states were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union | 30 | |
| 1993842513 | 54th Massachusetts | -enlisted blacks in the armed forces -180,000 by war's end, mostly from slave states (10% of enlistments in the Union) -Confederacy did not enlist slaves until 1 month prior to end of war -an all black militia | 31 | |
| 1993913132 | Fredericksburg (Dec. 1862) | -Cold Harbor -decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee, who successfully repealed a Union attack on his lines -Jackson shot by friendly fire, died three days later | 32 | |
| 1993931960 | Gettysburg (July 1863) | -Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North -site of General George Pickett's daring but doomed charge on Northern lines | 33 | |
| 1993954305 | Gettysburg Address (1863) | -Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield -Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty -featured speaker: Edward Everett, Harvard graduate | 34 | |
| 1994038679 | Ulysses S. Grant | -student of West Point -too aggressive -fought in Mexican War -driven to drink, drunken resigned from army -working at father's leather store when war came -"I can't spare the man, he fights." -Lincoln -known for blood and guts fighting style | 35 | |
| 1994047456 | Fort Henry and Fort Donelson (Feb. 1862) | -key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, secured North's hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennessee | 36 | |
| 1994052590 | Shiloh (April 1862) | -bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Missouri border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory | 37 | |
| 1994059770 | Vicksburg (1863) | -2 and a half month siege of a Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee -fell to Ulysses S. Grant in July of 1863, giving the Union army control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two | 38 | |
| 1994067230 | Rose Greenhouse | -female Confederate spy | 39 | |
| 1994070436 | General William Tecumseh Sherman | -too aggressive -leader of Georgia conquest (Union) -captured Atlanta in September 1864, burned it in November -left supply base emerged in Savannah | 40 | |
| 1994075798 | Sherman's march (1864-1865) | -Union General William T. Sherman's destructive march through Georgia -early instance of "total war," purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate war effort -"to the sea" | 41 | |
| 1994084978 | Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War (1861-1865) | -established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs -largely under control of the Radical Republicans, agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation | 42 | |
| 1994090840 | copperheads | -Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort by attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft and, after 1863, emancipation ~"Butternut" states: OH, IN, IL | 43 | |
| 1994102482 | Union Party (1864) | -a coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats | 44 | |
| 1994108363 | Election of 1864 | -opposition to Lincoln's reelection, wanted Secretary of State Chase -Vice President Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, owned slaves pre-war, included to balance the ticket -Democrats nominated General McClellan -Northern victories tipped vote in Lincoln's favor -reelection caused despair in South, desertions | 45 | |
| 1994179272 | Traveller | -Robert E. Lee's horse | 46 | |
| 1994181212 | Wilderness Campaign (1864-1865) | -a series of brutal clashes between Grant's and Lee's armies in virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April 1865 -having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse | 47 | |
| 1994204832 | Appomattox Courthouse | -site where Lee surrendered to Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign" (April 9, 1865) ~generous terms, could keep horses for plowing -in the house of Wilmer McLean -Grant and Lee met in Mexican War -conversation , informal (Grant) -Grant offered rations, considerate and respectful | 48 | |
| 1994217739 | John Wilkes Booth | -April 14, 1865, pro-Southern jumped to Lincoln's box in Ford's theatre and shot him, unconscious all night, died in the morning | 49 | |
| 1994223618 | Post-Civil War | -scattered fighting continued -Palmedo Ranch, TX, Confederate victory -Jefferson Davis was not tried for treason, killed, or arrested ~imprisoned, but he and other rebels released 1868 -Jefferson Davis regained citizenship posthumously | 50 | |
| 1994234473 | Exodusters | -those 25, 000 who moved to Kansas from Louisiana, Texas, and Missouri in 1878-1880 | 51 | |
| 1994288564 | Southern problems | -economic life halted, agriculture crippled ~banks/railroads closed, no slaves/cattle, weeds -many wealthy planters now poor, poor land, no slaves, lost investments, bad plantations -many still believed they were in the right, not unified, right in seceding | 52 | |
| 1994303304 | freed slaves | -Union forces went freeing slaves, often re-enslaved -some stayed loyal to their masters -many joined Union in pillaging -many took new names, demanded to be called Mr. or Mrs. and got new clothes as opposed to their cotton ones -searched for families (strengthened), children legal heirs, lived in communities together -formed their own churches separate from whites -created schools, not many black (qualified) teachers, help from Northern white women | 53 | |
| 1994338468 | Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1872) | -created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support -achievements uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators -headed by Oliver O. Howard -greatest achievement, education | 54 | |
| 1994348049 | Andrew Johnson | -from North Carolina originally -orphan of Tennessee, little reading, tailor's apprentice at 10 -taught math and writing by wife, full of himself -owned slaves, champion of poor whites versus planters -elected to Congress, favored by North (refused to secede) -appointed war governor of Tennessee -Democrat, added as Vice President for votes, liked state's rights and Constitution -did not fit in, did not know North | 55 | |
| 1994358901 | "10 Percent" Reconstruction Plan (1863) | -introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10% of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation -during the war | 56 | |
| 1994365763 | Wade-Davis Bill | -passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Lincoln's "10 Percent" Plan, it required that 50% of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation -reflected divisions between Congress and the president and between moderate (Lincoln, nice to South) and radical (Johnson) Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South -Lincoln used pocket veto ~"With malice toward none, with charity for all" | 57 | |
| 1994384420 | Black Codes (1865-1866) | -laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts -increased Northerner's criticisms of President Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies -not legal, couldn't stop -sought pre-emancipation relations -oppressed; no renting/leasing land, no voting, no idleness, no jury duty, couldn't testify in court -many became sharecroppers, disliked by North | 58 | |
| 1994421116 | Congressional reconstruction | -many ex-Confederates sought to reclaim their seats in Congress, looked to by Southern voters -new Southern strength, slaves, previously 3/5, now 5/5 -gained 12 more votes in Congress and electoral college | 59 | |
| 1994429842 | Civil Rights Bill (1866) | -passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their right to sue, testify in court, or hold property -vetoed, but over-rided, becomes law -Johnson looking out for rights of poor whites -tensions exploded with veto of bill extending Freedmen's Bureau | 60 | |
| 1994441494 | Fourteenth Amendment (ratified 1868) | -Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freed men and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process -Johnson not in favor passed by Congress -idea of equal protection, "equal justice under law" (Supreme Court building) -born in U.S. (slave)- automatic citizenship -states can't take away privileges | 61 | |
| 1994473696 | Charles Sumner | -leader of Senate radicals -Republican | 62 | |
| 1994479453 | Thaddeus Stevens | -leader of House radicals from Pennsylvania -Republican | 63 | |
| 1994486264 | Reconstruction Act (1867) | -passed by the newly elected Republican Congress, divided South into 5 military districts, disenfranchised former Confederates and requires that Southern states both ratify the 14th amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union -localized control/ protect freed slaves | 64 | |
| 1994498944 | Fifteenth Amendment (ratified 1870) | -prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race -disappointed feminists who wanted the amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage | 65 | |
| 1994502764 | redeemers | -Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after reconstruction | 66 | |
| 1994517013 | Union League | -reconstruction Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern black about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers -campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation | 67 | |
| 1994544477 | Hiram Revels and Blanch K. Bruce | -black senators -successors of Jefferson Davis from Mississippi | 68 | |
| 1994550595 | scalawags | -derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War -"sickly cow" | 69 | |
| 1994557665 | carpetbaggers | -pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction or invest on Southern infrastructure | 70 | |
| 1994564407 | Ku Klux Klan | -an extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-19th century and revived in the 1920s -anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant -members cloaked in sheets to conceal identity terrorized freemen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War -by 1890s, violence and Democratic legislators succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks -terrorists | 71 | |
| 1994580750 | Force Acts (1870-1871) | -passed by Congress following a wave of KKK violence -banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, U.S. military authorized to enforce | 72 | |
| 1994584929 | Tenure of Office Act (1867) | -required the president to seek approval form the Senate before removing appointees -when Johnson removed his Secretary of War in violation of the act, he was impeached by the House but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him (no conviction) | 73 | |
| 1994591769 | impeachment | -House writes up articles of impeachment (refer to pg. A11, Article II, Section IV-treason, bribery, high crimes) -next step: Senate for trial 2/3, Senate=jury -found guilty, then removed | 74 | |
| 1994597333 | Seward's Folly (1867) | -popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia, term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War -Russia wanted to get rid of Alaska, strengthen U.S. against GB enemy | 75 | |
| 1994603063 | Reconstruction | -resented by the South, worse than war -few benefits to blacks, Republican party not in South -Good: Union, "equal" rights for blacks-South rebuilt, 13, 14, and 15 amendments, and Freedmen's Bureau -Bad: corruption, KKK, left out women, sharecropping, racism | 76 | |
| 1994605327 | Lincoln's assassination | -Lincoln, Grant, Seward, and Johnson all planned to be killed -Wilkes bitter because South lost; 5 days after war's end -sic semper tyranus: "thus be it to tyrants" -Pain stabbed Seward, others chickened out -shot in Ford's Theatre in Washington D.C. on April 14, 1865 -died April 15, 1865 buried in Springfield, IL | 77 | |
| 1994624709 | waving the bloody shirt | -the use of Civil War imagery by political candidates and parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket -pride for Grant (receiving many gifts for "saving the Union") -Grant won, votes of MI, TX, and VA, not counted | 78 | |
| 1994631082 | corruption | -problems in bonds, stock markets, judges, and legislators | 79 | |
| 1994640635 | Tweed Ring | -a symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the NYC Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying -Boss Tweed eventually jailed for crimes and died behind bars | 80 | |
| 1994647857 | Republicans | -Puritanical, stressed moral codes, Midwest, small town New England -believed government should regulate economics and morals of society | 81 | |
| 1994651633 | Democrats | -followed by Catholics (Lutherans, immigrants) -did not want standard morals imposed on society -base in South and northern industrial cities | 82 | |
| 1994654486 | Election of 1876 | -ailing Grant urged ro run again, reminded of 2 term courtesy to deter from dictatorship but willing -Republicans candidate Rutherford B. Hayes (Ohio, 3x governor, many votes), won electoral -Democratic candidate Samuel L. Tilden, exposed Tweed Ring, won popular -returns to be counted, tied, but by whom LA, SC, FL | 83 | |
| 1994663092 | Compromise of 1877 | -the agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction -en exchange for Republican candidate, Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw federal troops from Confederate states (racial discrimination, literacy tests, etc.) -completed the Southern return to white-only, Democrat dominated electoral politics | 84 | |
| 1994672502 | Civil Rights Acts of 1875 | -last piece of federal civil rights legislation until 1950s -promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism injury selection -ineffective no means of enforcement -1883, unconstitutional by Supreme Court | 85 | |
| 1994677266 | sharecropping | -an agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop -dominant form of Southern agriculture post-Civil War, landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave | 86 | |
| 1994683894 | Jim Crow | -system of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-20th century -based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation -an informal system, perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation -after Reconstruction, federal government turned a blind eye | 87 | |
| 1994693715 | Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | -Supreme Court case that upheld the Constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the 14th amendment -provided legal justification for Jim Crow system -"equal" but kept blacks down to prove inferiority -legalizes segregation | 88 | |
| 1994702813 | treason | -the crime of betrayal of one's country, involving some overt act violating an oath of allegiance or providing legal aid to a foreign state -only crime specified in the Constitution | 89 | |
| 1994707007 | civil disabilities | -legally imposed restriction of a person's civil rights or liberties | 90 | |
| 1994713360 | legalistically | -in accord with the exact letter of the law, sometimes with the intention of thwarting its broad intent | 91 | |
| 1994715382 | mutual aid societies | -nonprofit organizations designed to provide their members with financial and social benefits, often including medical aid, life insurance, funeral costs, and disaster relief | 92 | |
| 1994719841 | confiscation | -legal government seizure of private property without compensation often as a penalty | 93 | |
| 1994721203 | eminent domain | -the government may take private property for public purposes, but with fair compensation | 94 | |
| 1994722820 | pocket veto | -the presidential act of blocking a Congressionally passed law not by direct veto but by simply refusing to sign it at the end of a session | 95 | |
| 1994725001 | lease | -to enter into a contract by which one party gives another use of land, buildings, or other property for a fixed time and fee | 96 | |
| 1994726531 | chain gang | -a group of prisoners chained together while engaged in forced labor | 97 | |
| 1994728042 | peonage | -a system, once common in Latin America, in which debtors are bound, in permanent or semi-permanent servitude, to labor for their creditors | 98 | |
| 1994730733 | felony | -a major crime for which severe penalties are exacted under the law | 99 | |
| 1994731733 | terror | -using violence or the threat of violence in order to create intense fear in the attempt to promote some political policy or objectives | 100 | |
| 1994733731 | president pro tempore | -in the United States Senate, the officer who presides in the absence of the vice president | 101 |
