All terms come from the textbook Exploring Psychology (9th Edition) by David G. Myers.
This set is the vocabulary terms from chapter 12.
Terms : Hide Images
| 1605406031 | Personality | An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. | 0 | |
| 1605406032 | Psychodynamic Theories | view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences | 1 | |
| 1605406033 | Psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions | 2 | |
| 1605406034 | Unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware | 3 | |
| 1605406035 | Free Association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing | 4 | |
| 1605406036 | Id | a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification | 5 | |
| 1605406037 | Ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain | 6 | |
| 1605406038 | Superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations | 7 | |
| 1605406039 | Psychosexual Stages | the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones | 8 | |
| 1605406040 | Oedipus Complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father | 9 | |
| 1605406041 | Identification | the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos | 10 | |
| 1605406042 | Fixation | according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved | 11 | |
| 1605406043 | Defense Mechanisms | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality | 12 | |
| 1605406044 | Repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories | 13 | |
| 1605406045 | Collective Unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history | 14 | |
| 1605406046 | Projective Test | a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics | 15 | |
| 1605406047 | Rorschach Inkblot Test | the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots | 16 | |
| 1605406048 | Humanistic Theories | view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth | 17 | |
| 1605406049 | Self-actualization | according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential | 18 | |
| 1605406050 | Unconditional Positive Regard | according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person | 19 | |
| 1605406051 | Self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?" | 20 | |
| 1605406052 | Trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports | 21 | |
| 1605406053 | Personality Inventory | a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits | 22 | |
| 1605406054 | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes | 23 | |
| 1605406055 | Empirically Derived Test | a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups | 24 | |
| 1605406056 | Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (emotional stability vs. instability), Openness, Extraversion | The "Big Five" Personality Factors | 25 | |
| 1605406057 | Social-cognitive Perspective | views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context | 26 | |
| 1605406058 | Reciprocal Determinism | the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment | 27 | |
| 1605406059 | Self | in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions | 28 | |
| 1605406060 | Spotlight Effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) | 29 | |
| 1605406061 | Self-esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth | 30 | |
| 1605406062 | Self-efficacy | one's sense of competence and effectiveness | 31 | |
| 1605406063 | Self-serving Bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably | 32 | |
| 1605406064 | Narcissism | excessive self-love and self-absorption | 33 | |
| 1605406065 | Individualism | giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications | 34 | |
| 1605406066 | Collectivism | giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly | 35 | |
| 1605406067 | aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy someone | 36 | |
| 1605406068 | gender | in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. | 37 | |
| 1605406069 | X chromosome | the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. | 38 | |
| 1605406070 | Y chromosome | the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. | 39 | |
| 1605406071 | testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. | 40 | |
| 1605406072 | puberty | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. | 41 | |
| 1605406073 | primary sex characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. | 42 | |
| 1605406074 | secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. | 43 | |
| 1605406075 | menarche | the first menstrual period. | 44 | |
| 1605406076 | gender role | a set of expected behaviors for males or for females. | 45 | |
| 1605406077 | role | a set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. | 46 | |
| 1605406078 | gender identity | our sense of being male or female. | 47 | |
| 1605406079 | social learning theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. | 48 | |
| 1605406080 | gender typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. | 49 | |
| 1605406081 | transgender | an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex | 50 | |
| 1605406082 | estrogens | sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity | 51 | |
| 1605406083 | sexual response cycle | the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson--excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. | 52 | |
| 1605406084 | refractory period | a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm. | 53 | |
| 1605406085 | sexual dysfunction | a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning. | 54 | |
| 1605406086 | AIDS (acquired immune deficiency disorder) | a life-threatening sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections | 55 | |
| 1605406087 | sexual orientation | an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). | 56 | |
| 1605406088 | social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. | 57 | |
| 1605406089 | attribution theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition | 58 | |
| 1605406090 | fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. | 59 | |
| 1605406091 | attitude | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events | 60 | |
| 1605406092 | peripheral route persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. | 61 | |
| 1605406093 | central route persuasion | occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts | 62 | |
| 1605406094 | foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a lager request. | 63 | |
| 1605406095 | cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes | 64 | |
| 1605406096 | culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next | 65 | |
| 1605406097 | norm | an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. | 66 | |
| 1605406098 | conformity | adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard | 67 | |
| 1605406099 | normative social influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. | 68 | |
| 1605406100 | informational social influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality. | 69 | |
| 1605406101 | social facilitation | stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. | 70 | |
| 1605406102 | social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. | 71 | |
| 1605406103 | deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity | 72 | |
| 1605406104 | group polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discusses within the group. | 73 | |
| 1605406105 | groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. | 74 | |
| 1605406106 | prejudice | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. | 75 | |
| 1605406107 | stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. | 76 | |
| 1605406108 | discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members | 77 | |
| 1605406109 | just-world phenomenon | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. | 78 | |
| 1605406110 | ingroup | "Us"--people with whom we share a common identity. | 79 | |
| 1605406111 | outgroup | "Them"--those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. | 80 | |
| 1605406112 | ingroup bias | the tendency to favor our own group. | 81 | |
| 1605406113 | scapegoat theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. | 82 | |
| 1605406114 | other-race effect | the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias. | 83 | |
| 1605406115 | frustration-aggression principle | the principle that frustration--the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal--creates anger, which can generate aggression. | 84 | |
| 1605406116 | social script | culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations | 85 | |
| 1605406117 | mere exposure effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. | 86 | |
| 1605406118 | passionate love | an aroused state of intense absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. | 87 | |
| 1605406119 | companionate love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined | 88 | |
| 1605406120 | equity | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it | 89 | |
| 1605406121 | self-disclosure | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. | 90 | |
| 1605406122 | altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others | 91 | |
| 1605406123 | bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present | 92 | |
| 1605406124 | social exchange theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. | 93 | |
| 1605406125 | reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. | 94 | |
| 1605406126 | social-responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those dependent on them | 95 | |
| 1605406127 | conflict | a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas | 96 | |
| 1605406128 | social trap | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. | 97 | |
| 1605406129 | mirror-image perceptions | mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. | 98 | |
| 1605406130 | superordinate goals | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. | 99 | |
| 1605406131 | GRIT | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension--Reduction--a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. | 100 | |
| 1605406132 | psychological disorder | a significant dysfunction in a person's thoughts, feelings or behaviors | 101 | |
| 1605406133 | attention-deficit hyper disorder | a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity | 102 | |
| 1605406134 | medical model | the concept that diseases, n this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital. | 103 | |
| 1605406135 | DSM-IV-TR | the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, with an updated "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders. | 104 | |
| 1605406136 | anxiety disorders | psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety | 105 | |
| 1605406137 | generalized anxiety disorder | an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. | 106 | |
| 1605406138 | panic disorder | an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. | 107 | |
| 1605406139 | phobia | an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation. | 108 | |
| 1605406140 | obsessive-compulsive disorder | an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). | 109 | |
| 1605406141 | post-traumatic stress disorder | an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience. | 110 | |
| 1605406142 | mood disorders | psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder. | 111 | |
| 1605406143 | major depressive disorder | a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. | 112 | |
| 1605406144 | mania | a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. | 113 | |
| 1605406145 | bipolar disorder | a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (formally called manic-depressive disorder) | 114 | |
| 1605406146 | schizophrenia | a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. | 115 | |
| 1605406147 | psychosis | a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiences irrational ideas and distorted perception | 116 | |
| 1605406148 | delusions | false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders | 117 | |
| 1605406149 | dissociative disorders | disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. | 118 | |
| 1605406150 | dissociative identity disorder | a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder. | 119 | |
| 1605406151 | anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve. | 120 | |
| 1605406152 | bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise | 121 | |
| 1605406153 | binge-eating disorder | significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa. | 122 | |
| 1605406154 | personality disorder | psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning | 123 | |
| 1605406155 | antisocial personality disorder | a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist | 124 | |
| 1605406156 | psychotherapy | treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. | 125 | |
| 1605406157 | biomedical therapy | prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system | 126 | |
| 1605406158 | eclectic approach | an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy | 127 | |
| 1605406159 | psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic techniques that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences--and the therapist's interpretations of them--release previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight. | 128 | |
| 1605406160 | resistance | in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. | 129 | |
| 1605406161 | interpretation | in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight. | 130 | |
| 1605406162 | transference | in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). | 131 | |
| 1605406163 | psychodynamic therapy | therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight. | 132 | |
| 1605406164 | insight therapies | a variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses. | 133 | |
| 1605406165 | client-centered therapy | a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate client's growth | 134 | |
| 1605406166 | active listening | empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy. | 135 | |
| 1605406167 | behavior therapy | therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors | 136 | |
| 1605406168 | counterconditioning | A behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning. Includes systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning | 137 | |
| 1605406169 | exposure therapies | behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid | 138 | |
| 1605406170 | systematic desensitization | a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias | 139 | |
| 1605406171 | aversive conditioning | a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol) | 140 | |
| 1605406172 | token economy | an operant conditioning procedure that rewards desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort, earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for various privileges or treats. | 141 | |
| 1605406173 | cognitive therapy | therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions | 142 | |
| 1605406174 | cognitive-behavior therapy | a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behaviour) | 143 | |
| 1605406175 | family therapy | therapy that treats the family as a system. views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members; attempts to guide family members toward positive relationships and improved communication | 144 | |
| 1605406176 | psychopharmacology | the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior | 145 | |
| 1605406177 | lithium | a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive) disorders | 146 | |
| 1605406178 | electroconvulsive therapy | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient | 147 | |
| 1605406179 | psychosurgery | surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior | 148 | |
| 1605406180 | lobotomy | a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain | 149 |
