from Psychology (Eighth Edition) by David G. Meyers
Terms : Hide Images
| 1341466963 | cognition | mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | 0 | |
| 1341466964 | concept | mental grouping of similar objects, events, and ideas of people | 1 | |
| 1341466965 | prototype | mental image or best example of a category; matching items to this provides a quick and easy method for including things in a category | 2 | |
| 1341466966 | algorithm | methodical, logical rule of procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem | 3 | |
| 1341466967 | heuristic | simple thinking that often allows us to make judgement and solve problems more efficiently, usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms | 4 | |
| 1341466968 | insight | sudden and often novel realization of the problem; contrast with strategy-based | 5 | |
| 1341466969 | confirmation bias | tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions | 6 | |
| 1341466970 | fixation | inability to see a problem from a new perspective | 7 | |
| 1341466971 | mental set | tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that was often successful in the past | 8 | |
| 1341466972 | functional fixedness | tendency to think of things only in terms of their useful functions | 9 | |
| 1341466973 | representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes, may lead to ignoring of other relevant information | 10 | |
| 1341466974 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily in mind, we presume such events are common | 11 | |
| 1341466975 | overconfidence | tendency to be more confident than correct; to overestimate one's abilities | 12 | |
| 1341466976 | framing | the way an issue is posed which can affect decisions and judgements | 13 | |
| 1341466977 | belief bias | tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid | 14 | |
| 1341466978 | belief perserverence | clinging to one's critical conceptions, after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited | 15 | |
| 1341466980 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate | 16 | |
| 1341466982 | phoneme | in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit | 17 | |
| 1341466984 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, maybe a word or part of (prefix, etc.) | 18 | |
| 1341466986 | grammar | in a language, the system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others | 19 | |
| 1341466987 | semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning | 20 | |
| 1341466988 | syntax | rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language | 21 | |
| 1341466990 | babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language | 22 | |
| 1341466992 | one-word stage | the stage in speech development, from the age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words | 23 | |
| 1341466994 | two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements | 24 | |
| 1341466996 | telegraphic stage | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram ("go car") using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words | 25 | |
| 1341466997 | Noam Chomsky | a linguist that stated language development was too fast just to be operant learning, it "naturally occurs" with a principal of universal grammar for all human language | 26 | |
| 1341466998 | Benjamin Lee Whorf | linguist that developed linguistic determinism in 1956 | 27 | |
| 1341467000 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think | 28 |
