Terms to study for the AP Exam
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| 1342305023 | Atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. | 0 | |
| 1342305024 | Atomic Number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol. | 1 | |
| 1342305025 | Adhesion | The attraction between different kinds of molecules. | 2 | |
| 1342305026 | Acid | A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. | 3 | |
| 1342305027 | Adipose Cell | Cells found in loose connective tissue that contain a droplet of fat (triglycerides). They hydrolyze its stored triglyceride and secrete fatty acids into the blood for oxidation by cells of the muscles, liver, and other organs. | 4 | |
| 1342305028 | Amino Acid | An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. (monomers of polypeptides). | 5 | |
| 1342305029 | Alpha Helix | A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding. | 6 | |
| 1342305030 | Base | A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. | 7 | |
| 1342305031 | Buffer | A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to a solution. | 8 | |
| 1342305032 | Beta Pleated Sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth; 2 regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds. | 9 | |
| 1342305033 | Compound | A substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. | 10 | |
| 1342305034 | Carbon | A nonmetallic chemical element. | 11 | |
| 1342416202 | Chemical Bond | An attraction between 2 atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms, the bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells. | 12 | |
| 1342416203 | Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which 2 atoms share 1 or more pairs of valence electrons. | 13 | |
| 1342416204 | Chemical Reaction | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. | 14 | |
| 1342416205 | Cohesion | The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds. | 15 | |
| 1342416206 | Carbonic Acid | H₂CO₃ | 16 | |
| 1342416207 | Conformation | Different arrangements of atoms resulting from rotation about a single bond. | 17 | |
| 1342416208 | Carbohydrate | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). | 18 | |
| 1342416209 | Cellulose | A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages. | 19 | |
| 1342416210 | Chitin | A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. | 20 | |
| 1342416211 | Cholesterol | A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones. | 21 | |
| 1342416212 | Chaperonin | A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins. | 22 | |
| 1342416213 | Dehydration Reaction | A chemical reaction in which 2 molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. | 23 | |
| 1342416214 | Denature | A change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things). | 24 | |
| 1342416215 | DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's protein. | 25 | |
| 1342416216 | Element | Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions. | 26 | |
| 1342416217 | Electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. | 27 | |
| 1342416218 | Estrogen | Any steroid hormone, such as estradiol, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system. | 28 | |
| 1342416219 | Functional Group | A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions. | 29 | |
| 1342416220 | Fat | A lipid consisting of 3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol molecule. (triglyceride or triglycerol) | 30 | |
| 1342416221 | Glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. | 31 | |
| 1342416222 | Glycerol | A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils. | 32 | |
| 1342416223 | Hydrogen | A reactive gaseous element. | 33 | |
| 1342416224 | Hydrogen Bond | A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule. | 34 | |
| 1342416225 | Hydrophilic | "Water loving." | 35 | |
| 1342416226 | Hydrophobic | "water fearing." | 36 | |
| 1342416227 | Hydrolysis | A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers. | 37 | |
| 1342416228 | Isotope | One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass. | 38 | |
| 1342416229 | Ionic Bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. | 39 | |
| 1342416230 | Ion | An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost 1 or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. | 40 | |
| 1342416231 | Isomer | 1 of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. (structural, geometric, and enantiomers) | 41 | |
| 1342416232 | Lipid | 1 of a group of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. | 42 | |
| 1342416233 | Matter | Anything that has mass and takes up space. | 43 | |
| 1342416234 | Mass Number | The sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus. | 44 | |
| 1342416235 | Monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. | 45 | |
| 1342416236 | Monosaccharide | The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. (simple sugars; multiple of CH2O) | 46 | |
| 1342416237 | Nitrogen | Colorless, odorless gas. | 47 | |
| 1342416238 | Neutron | A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom. | 48 | |
| 1342416239 | Nonpolar Covalent Bond | A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. | 49 | |
| 1342416240 | Nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. | 50 | |
| 1342416241 | Nitrogenous Base | An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA. | 51 | |
| 1342416242 | Organic Compound | Complex molecules organized around skeletons of carbon atoms arranged in rings or chains. | 52 | |
| 1342416243 | Oil | A liquid fat. | 53 | |
| 1342416244 | Proton | A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom. | 54 | |
| 1342416245 | Polar Covalent Bond | A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally. | 55 | |
| 1342416246 | Product | A material resulting from a chemical reaction. | 56 | |
| 1342416247 | Polar | Having a pair of equal and opposite charges. | 57 | |
| 1342416248 | pH | A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14. | 58 | |
| 1342416249 | Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. | 59 | |
| 1342416250 | Polysaccharide | A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reaction. | 60 | |
| 1342416251 | Phospholipid | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as a nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Forms bilayers that function as biological membranes. | 61 | |
| 1342416252 | Protein | A functional biological molecule consisting of 1 or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure. | 62 | |
| 1342416253 | Peptide Bond | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on 1 amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. | 63 | |
| 1342416254 | Primary Structure | The level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids. | 64 | |
| 1342416255 | Pentose | 5 carbon sugar. | 65 | |
| 1342416256 | Phosphate Group | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms. | 66 | |
| 1342416257 | Quaternary Structure | The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic 3D arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide. | 67 | |
| 1342416258 | Reactant | A starting material in a chemical reaction. | 68 | |
| 1342416259 | RNA (ribonucleic acid) | A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses. | 69 | |
| 1342416260 | Structure of Water | 2 hydrogen atoms are each joined to an oxygen atom by a single covalent bond; but the electrons of the bond are not shared equally: oxygen pulls electrons more than hydrogen. | 70 | |
| 1342416261 | Specific Heat | The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. | 71 | |
| 1342416262 | Starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages. | 72 | |
| 1342416263 | Steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. | 73 | |
| 1342416264 | Saturated Fatty Acids | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton. | 74 | |
| 1342416265 | Secondary Structure | The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between constituents of the backbone. | 75 | |
| 1342416266 | Trace Element | An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. | 76 | |
| 1342416267 | Transpiration | The evaporative loss of water from a plant. | 77 | |
| 1342416268 | Testosterone | A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system and spermatogenesis. | 78 | |
| 1342416269 | Tertiary Structure | Irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. | 79 | |
| 1342416270 | Unsaturated Fatty Acid | A fatty acid possessing 1 or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. | 80 | |
| 1342416271 | Van der Walls Interaction | Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations. | 81 | |
| 1342416272 | Wax | A type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain. | 82 |
