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| 244598096 | Asch's Conformity Study | Experiment that showed that subjects yield to group pressure and choose incorrect lines. | 0 | |
| 244598097 | Attitudes | Likes and dislikes composed of: feelings, cognitions and behavior. | 1 | |
| 244598098 | The Effect of Pressure on Attitude | If a person is pressured to do something contrary to his/her attitudes there will be a tendency to change attitudes. Attitude change is maximum when the behavior is induced with minimum pressure. | 2 | |
| 244598099 | Attractiveness Stereotype | A tendency to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people showing that physical characteristics are a huge determinant of attraction. | 3 | |
| 244598100 | Bandura's Social Learning Theory | Theory asserting that learning occurs by modeling and reinforcement. People behave aggressively because they expect some kind of reward. | 4 | |
| 244598101 | Batson's Empathy-altruism Model | in situations where others may need help, people might feel distress or might feel empathy. These states are important because either can cause a helping behavior. Some people disagree saying helping behavior only occurs when there is a benefit to the person offering help. Batson found that people who reported more distress than empathy tended to leave. However people who reported more empathy were more willing to help the subject. | 5 | |
| 244598102 | M.J. Lerner | Defined "Belief in a Just World" | 6 | |
| 244598103 | Belief in a Just World | Good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people. | 7 | |
| 244598104 | Belief Perseverance | Under certain conditions people will hold their beliefs even after they have been shown to be false. If you believe a statement and then provide your own explanation for it, your beliefs will be preserved even after you are shown they are false e.g. eating chocolate cause acne. | 8 | |
| 244598105 | John Darley and Bibb Latane | Studied bystander Intervention | 9 | |
| 244598106 | Carl Hovland's Model | Attitude changes as a process of communicating with someone to persuade them. It has communicator, communication and the situation. | 10 | |
| 244598107 | Clark and Clark Doll Preference Study | Experiment that showed the majority of black and white children prefer a white doll. It was used to argue against school segregation. | 11 | |
| 244598108 | Compliance | A change in behavior that occurs as a result of situational or interpersonal pressure | 12 | |
| 244598109 | Consistency Theories | People prefer consistency and will change or resist changing attitudes based on this preference. | 13 | |
| 244598110 | Cultural Truisms | Beliefs that are seldom questioned; when not inoculated they are more vulnerable to attacks. | 14 | |
| 244598111 | Dimensions of Individual Personality | Individuals have different dimensions of personality and there are factors that determine which identity will be enacted in particular situations. | 15 | |
| 244598112 | Door-in-the-Face Effect | People who refuse large unreasonable initial request are more likely to agree to a later smaller request. | 16 | |
| 244598113 | Proxemics | E. Hall's study of how individuals space themselves in relation to others | 17 | |
| 244598114 | Equity Theory | We consider not only our own costs/rewards but also other people's costs/rewards. We prefer that our costs/rewards ratio be equal to the other person's ratio. If a person feels he/she is getting more or less out of relationship there will be instability. | 18 | |
| 244598115 | Foot-in-the-Door Effect | People who comply with initial small request are more likely to agree to a later larger request. | 19 | |
| 244598116 | Forced-compliance Dissonance | When an individual is forced to behave in a way that is inconsistent with his/her beliefs or attitudes. e.g. if a child can only have ice cream only after she eats | 20 | |
| 244598117 | Free-choice Dissonance | When a person makes a choice between several desirable alternatives. The choice of one over the other causes instability. | 21 | |
| 244598118 | Fritz Heider's Balance Theory | Imbalance occurs when someone agrees with someone he/she dislikes or disagrees with someone he/she likes. Balance exists when there is ONE or THREE positives. To achieve balance, somebody needs to change attitude. | 22 | |
| 244598119 | Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis | When people are frustrated they behave aggressively. The strength of aggression is correlated to the level of frustration. | 23 | |
| 244598120 | Fundamental Attribution Error | When inferring the causes of other's behaviors, there is a general bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions. | 24 | |
| 244598121 | Attribution Theory | There is a tendency for individuals to infer the causes of other people's behaviors. | 25 | |
| 244598122 | Gain-Loss Principle | Aronson and Linder's theory asserting that an evaluation that changes will have more of an impact than an evaluation that remains constant. | 26 | |
| 244598123 | Gain-Loss Principle | We will like someone more whose liking for us has increased than someone who has consistently liked us. | 27 | |
| 244598124 | Group Polarization | The tendency for group discussion to enhance the group's initial tendencies towards riskiness or caution. | 28 | |
| 244598125 | Groupthink | Irving Janis' concept that there is a tendency of decision-making groups to strive on consensus by not considering the discordant information. | 29 | |
| 244598126 | Halo effect | Tendency to allow a general impression about a person like "I like Jill in general" to influence other, more specific evaluations about a person (Jill is a good writer etc). | 30 | |
| 244598127 | Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory | The conflict that you feel when your attitudes are not in sync with your behaviors. It can be reduced by changing dissonant elements or by adding consonant elements. | 31 | |
| 244598128 | Leon Festinger's Social Comparison Theory | We tend to affiliate with other people because we compare ourselves to other people. 1) People prefer to compare themselves by object/non-social means 2) the less similarity of opinions the less tendency to make comparisons 3) when there is discrepancy there is a tendency to change one's position as to move in line with the group. | 32 | |
| 244598129 | Mere Exposure Hypothesis | Robert Zajonc's concept that repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to enhanced liking for it. | 33 | |
| 244598130 | Minimal Justification Effect | When a behavior can be justified by external rewards there is no need to change internal cognitions. However when the external justification is minimum you will need to decrease your dissonance by changing internal cognitions (e.g. from thinking that the task was boring to it wasn't too bad). | 34 | |
| 244598131 | Autokinetic effect | If you stare at a point of light in a dark light, it will appear to move. | 35 | |
| 244598132 | Need Complementarity | People choose relationships so that they can satisfy each other's needs. | 36 | |
| 244598133 | Norman Triplett | Did the first study of social psychology, people perform better on familiar tasks when in the presence of others than alone. | 37 | |
| 244598134 | Over-Justification Effect | If you reward people for something they already like, they may stop doing it because they will start attributing their behavior to the reward. | 38 | |
| 244598135 | Petty and Cacioppo's Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuation | There are two routes to persuasion, central route (strong argument matters) and peripheral route (persuader's status and surroundings matter more than the argument). | 39 | |
| 244598136 | Philip Zimbardo's Prison Study | Study that showed that through de-individuation people are more likely to commit antisocial acts when they feel they are anonymous in a social environment | 40 | |
| 244598137 | De-individuation | The loss of self-awareness and personal identity. | 41 | |
| 244598138 | Pluralistic Ignorance | Judging an ambiguous event as a non-emergency. | 42 | |
| 244598139 | Post-decisional Dissonance | When dissonance occurs after a decision has been made. | 43 | |
| 244598140 | Primacy Effect | First impressions are more important than subsequent impressions | 44 | |
| 244598141 | Recency Effect | Most recent information we have about an individual is more important. | 45 | |
| 244598142 | Reactance | When social pressure is so blatant, a person's sense of freedom is threatened, people will assert their sense of freedom. If you try too hard to persuade someone they will choose to believe the opposite of your position. | 46 | |
| 244598143 | Reciprocity Hypothesis | We tend to like people who indicate that they like us and reverse | 47 | |
| 244598144 | Refuted Counterarguments | McGuire's inoculation against cultural truisms by first presenting arguments against the truisms and then refuting the arguments, which motivates people to practice defending their beliefs | 48 | |
| 244598145 | Risky shift | Group decisions are riskier than the average individual choices | 49 | |
| 244598146 | Role Theory | The perspective that people are aware of the social roles they are expected to fill and most of their observable behavior can be attributed to adopting those roles. | 50 | |
| 244598147 | Sleeper Effect | Over time the persuasive impact of a highly credible source decreased while the persuasive impact of the low credibility source increased. A source can increase their credibility by arguing against their self-interest. | 51 | |
| 244598148 | Social Exchange Theory | We weigh the rewards and costs of interacting with another in order to maximize rewards and minimize the cost. | 52 | |
| 244598149 | Social Loafing | Tendency for people to put forward less effort when part of a group than working individually. | 53 | |
| 244598150 | Social Perception | The ways in which we form impressions about the characteristics of individuals and of groups of people. | 54 | |
| 244598151 | Spatial Proximity | People near to us are easily accessible and there is greater interaction which causes more affiliation. | 55 | |
| 244598152 | Stanley Milgram's Obedience Experiment | Study in which subjects were asked to administer electrical shocks to another person at higher and higher voltages. The majority of subjects yielded to the experimenter's request and continued shocking to the maximum voltage. | 56 | |
| 244598153 | Stanley Schachter's Research | The greater the need to compare the greater is the desire to affiliate. Also greater anxiety does lead to greater desire to affiliate. A situation that provokes lesser anxiety doesn't provoke the need to affiliate. Anxious people like the company of anxious people. Both anxiety and a need to compare oneself with other people may play roles in determining both when and whom we affiliate with. | 57 | |
| 244598154 | Theodore Newcomb's Study | Experiment that studied the influence of group norms in a small liberal college. The student's parents were republican and conservative. But the students became liberal with time and stayed that way 20 years after. Those who didn't marry liberal men changed back to old beliefs. | 58 | |
| 244598155 | Two factors in Bystander Intervention | 1. Social influence 2. Diffusion of responsibility | 59 | |
| 244598156 | Two-Sided Messages | Messages that contain arguments for and against a position; often used in "balanced" communication as in news. | 60 | |
| 244598157 | Value Hypothesis | Asserts that risky shift is more likely to occur in situations in which riskiness is culturally valued. Such as riskiness in business ventures. | 61 | |
| 244598158 | Verplank | Believed that social approval influences behavior and that conversation changes dramatically based on feedback (approval) from others. | 62 | |
| 244598159 | McDougal and Ross | Published first textbooks on social psychology. | 63 | |
| 244598160 | Zajonc's Theory | The presence of others increases arousal and emission of dominant responses. At early stage of learning dominant responses are wrong, while later correct responses are dominant. | 64 | |
| 244598161 | The Prisoner's Dilemma | Theory asserting that in such a competition it is in both participants best interest to cooperate. When making the decision consider the options 1. I cooperate, you don't 2. We both cooperate 3. Neither of us cooperateds 4. You cooperate, I don't | 65 | |
| 244598162 | Cooperation | The voluntary arrangement in which two or more people engage in a mutually beneficial exchange instead of competing | 66 | |
| 244598163 | Competition | Behavior in which individuals try to attain a goal for themselves while denying that goal to others | 67 | |
| 244598164 | Kurt Lewin's Study | Identified 3 different styles of leaders: Authoritarian, Democratic and Laissex-fair | 68 | |
| 244598165 | Authoritarian Leader | Autocratic leaders who 1. Provide clear expectations for what needs to be done, when it should be done, and how it should be done. 2. Set a clear division between the leader and the followers. 3. Make decisions independently with little or no input from the rest of the group. | 69 | |
| 244598166 | Democratic Leader | The most effective leadership style. They 1. Offer guidance to group members while participating in the group and allowing input from other group members. Show less productivity, but higher quality contributions. Group members feel engaged in the process and are more motivated and creative. | 70 | |
| 244598167 | Laissez-fair Leader | Leader who offer little or no guidance and gives complete decision-making freedom to the group or to individual members, often leading to poorly defined roles and a lack of motivation. | 71 | |
| 244598168 | Muzafer Sherif's Conformity Study | Showed that people were influenced by other people's opinions, in their perception of the autokinetic effect. | 72 | |
| 244598169 | Robber's Cave Experiment | Three phase study of prejudice 1. Intragroup cooperation (two groups kept separate to create cooperation and group cohesion) 2. Intergroup competition (groups put into direct competition showed direct hostility) 3. Introduction of subordinate goals (groups forced to work together formed eventual cohesion) | 73 |
