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| 1091107249 | evolution | descent with modification; or narrowly, change in the genetic composition of a population from one generation to the next | 0 | |
| 446276028 | pattern of evolutionary change | revealed by data from biology, geology, physics, and chemistry disciplines | 1 | |
| 693580184 | process of evolution | mechanisms that produce the observed patter of change; represent natural phenomena | 2 | |
| 1454360037 | fossils | remains/traces of organisms from the past; found in strata | 3 | |
| 676466807 | adaptations | inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments | 4 | |
| 232249208 | natural selection | certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates because of those traits | 5 | |
| 661413136 | homology | similarity resulting from common ancestry | 6 | |
| 45276208 | homologous structures | the underlying skeletal structures of different mammals that represent variations of a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor. common ancestry, but not necessarily function | 7 | |
| 377802897 | vestigial structures | remnants of features that once served a functional purpose in the organism's ancestors | 8 | |
| 500077981 | evolutionary tree | a diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms | 9 | |
| 323438610 | convergent evolution | the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages. although the species evolved independently from different ancestors, these two species have adapted to similar environments in similar ways | 10 | |
| 880762477 | analogous | features that share similar function, but not common ancestry | 11 | |
| 769853029 | the fossil record | documents the pattern of evolution, showing that past organisms different from present-day organisms | 12 | |
| 1507834451 | biogeography | the scientific study of geographic distributions of species | 13 | |
| 545038962 | endemic | species found nowhere else in the world | 14 | |
| 859626044 | artificial selection | selecting and breeding certain individuals that possess certain traits | 15 | |
| 27942557 | direct observations | natural selection in response to introduced species. examples include soapberry bugs and their beaks evolving to better access food in their environment | 16 | |
| 606867465 | Linnaeus | adopted the nested classification system that grouped similar species into increasingly general categories. father of taxonomy (the binomial name format for naming species) | 17 | |
| 688987166 | aristotle | viewed species as fixed, or unchanging (uniformitarianism). concluded that lifeforms can be arranged on a ladder, the Scala Naturae | 18 | |
| 574174795 | james hutton | proposed that earth's geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms | 19 | |
| 231390479 | charles lyell | concluded that geologic processes are operating today as well as in the past and at the same rate | 20 | |
| 87596127 | lamarck's hypothesis of evolution | 1. use and disuse: as parts of the body that are extensively used, and therefore become larger and stronger, some parts will deteriorate. 2. inheritance of acquired characteristics: an organism could pass these modifications off to its offspring | 21 | |
| 1414909158 | wallace | co-published natural selection paper with darwin | 22 | |
| 417453706 | thomas malthus | stated that society cannot grow indefinitely due to the limits of population growth in the environment and resources | 23 | |
| 411538449 | the unity of life | the descent of all organisms from an ancestor that lived in the remote past | 24 | |
| 485012335 | the diversity of life | genes vary in a population, so the specific inherited genes give a higher probability of surviving and leaving more offspring | 25 | |
| 405475463 | the match between organisms and their environment | species produce more offspring than the environment can support, so this unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations | 26 | |
| 865713575 | evolutionary adaptation | related species have diverse phenotypes due to evolving in different environments | 27 |
