Hillary Bedford
Lonestar College Tomball
History 1302 Exam 4
Terms : Hide Images
| 2023941817 | Yalta | FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War | 0 | |
| 2023941818 | Postdam | The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdam, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. | 1 | |
| 2023941819 | J.M. Keynes | British economist who argued that for a nation to recover fully from a depression, the government had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption. | 2 | |
| 2023941820 | G.I. Bill | 1944; gave money to veterans to study in colleges, universities, gave medical treatment, loans to buy a house or farm or start a new business. | 3 | |
| 2023941821 | Taft-Hartley Act | 1947; outlawed the closed shop and authorized the president to seek court injunctions to prevent strikes. | 4 | |
| 2023941822 | G. Kennan | foreign officer who formulated the "containment doctrine" which stated that Russia was relentlessly expansionary, cautious and the flow of the soviet power could be stemmed by firm and vigilant containment. he wrote "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," which argued this containment policy. | 5 | |
| 2023941823 | Truman Doctrine | 1947; Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. | 6 | |
| 2023941824 | Marshall Plan | Introduced by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism. it was very successful. | 7 | |
| 2023941825 | Berlin Airlift | 1948-1949; Joint effort by the US and Britain to fly food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blocked off all ground routes into the city. It put the Soviets into a very difficult position, which forced them to either attack first or back off. | 8 | |
| 2023941826 | Fair Deal | Truman's extension of the New Deal that increased min wage, expanded Social Security, develop a national health insurance system, repeal the Taft-Hartley Act and constructed low-income housing. Very little of this legislation was ever passed. | 9 | |
| 2023941827 | Warsaw Pact/NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; (1949) an alliance made to defend one another (militarily) if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Portugal and Iceland. | 10 | |
| 2023941828 | D. MacArthur | he was a commander of the UN forces at the beginning of the Korean war (aiding North Korea), however, president Truman removed him from his command after he expressed a desire to bomb Chinese bases in Manchuria. | 11 | |
| 2023941829 | 38th parallel | The dividing line between North and South Korea, across which the fighting between communists and United Nations forces ebbed and flowed during the Korean War. | 12 | |
| 2023941830 | The Rosenbergs | communists who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. | 13 | |
| 2023941831 | J. McCarthy | an obsessively anticommunist senator who accused many of being or supporting communists, such as Secretary of State Dean Acheson who was accused of hiring over 200 communists. He made these accusations without substantiation and used his political power to continue his radicalism until his death. As a result of his outlandish accusations, McCarthyism has become a common term used in the English language to describe a situation in which public figures are accused without evidence. | 14 | |
| 2023941832 | I Like Ike | the slogan written on pro-Eisenhower buttons during the presidential campaign of 1952. | 15 | |
| 2023941833 | Checkers Speech | Television speech given by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. Talked about his dog, Checkers. Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal. | 16 | |
| 2023941834 | Hidden-hand Presidency | The nickname that showed Eisenhower's leading as somewhat secretive. His nice old man look is a guise for his secretive covert missions with the CIA and looming dark type of command. | 17 | |
| 2023941835 | J.F. Dulles | American politician principally known for serving as Eisenhower's Secretary of State; drafted the "policy of boldness" designed to confront Soviet aggression with the threat of "massive retaliation" via thermonuclear weapons. | 18 | |
| 2023941836 | N. Khrushchev | Sends in troops at the Hungarian revolution and 10,000 Hungarians killed and the US did nothing about it. | 19 | |
| 2023941837 | Sputnik | Soviet Union send the first satellite in to space which freaks the US out. In response we create science and math programs such as AP to educate students more so we can develop better technologies. Significant because it shows the communist force was able to develop technologies that a capitalist nation couldn't. | 20 | |
| 2023941839 | U-2 Spy Plane | May 1, 1960. American U-2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers shot down and captured in Soviet Union. Eisenhower ultimately took responsibility for the spy plane; Premier Khrushchev angrily called off Paris summit conference 8: 1941-1960. | 21 | |
| 2023941840 | Fidel Castro | Cuban revolutionary who overthrew Batista dictatorship in 1958 and assumed control of the island country. His connections with the Soviet Union led to a cessation of diplomatic relations with the United States in such internationl affairs as the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Oversaw his country through the end of the Cold War and through nearly a half-century of trade embargo with the US. | 22 | |
| 2023941841 | The Suez Crisis | The Suez canal was built in Egypt by the french then taken over by the British. The leader of Egypt Nasser felt it belonged to Egypt and got angry. US said they would help Egypt but then found that Egypt bought weapons from Czechoslovokia and that they brought up the peoples republic of china. US cuts off deal and Egypt goes and takes the Suez canal. Troops from Britain, France and Israel attack Egypt and Eisenhower tells them to back off or he will cut funding; he doesn't want Egypt as a satellite state. | 23 | |
| 2023941842 | Eisenhower Doctrine | Extends the Truman doctrine to the middle east. Reason for this is that he does not want the Soviet union to get oil. | 24 | |
| 2023941843 | McCarran Act | United States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the Attorney General in the United States and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons thought to be engaged in "un-American" activities, including homosexuals. | 25 | |
| 2023941844 | Brown vs. Board | 1954 court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). | 26 | |
| 2023941845 | Central High School | A group of African-Americans who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school. | 27 | |
| 2023941846 | Interstate Highway Act | 1956 Eisenhower 20 yr plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history. These highways did much to change the economic and social structure of America. They helped businesses and families move from downtowns to suburbs, from Main Street to Wal-Mart. | 28 | |
| 2023941847 | Plebiscitarian Politics | lone wolf politicians could speak straight to the voters, without conforming their messages to the desires of the big political parties. | 29 | |
| 2023941848 | New Frontier | The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights. | 30 | |
| 2023941849 | JFK's Flexible Response | First goal of JFK admin was to build up nation's armed forces warning that the Soviets were opening a missile gap. Already, the US had a great nuclear arsenal but the new admin wanted to put the Soviets on the defensive so they increased their arsenal which created, if it ever happened, a successful first strike. JFK admin augmented conventional military strength. Sec of Defense McNamara developed plans to add 5-combat ready army divisions and JFK started to like counterinsurgency. JFK wanted to build up the nuclear weapons so the US could call on a wide spectrum of force for a communist threat. Only danger was that the US could test its strength against Soviet Union. | 31 | |
| 2023941850 | CIA | Central Intelligence Agency directed by Eisenhower | 32 | |
| 2023941851 | Bay of Pigs | an American attempt to overthrow the newly established communist government in Cuba by training and sending Cuban rebels. The coup ended up in a disaster due to the lack of support by the Americans. The incident was an embarrassment for the U.S. and ultimately led to Castro pleading for Soviet aid (Cuban Missile Crisis). | 33 | |
| 2023941852 | Berlin Wall | a fortified wall made up of concrete and barbed wire made to prevent East Germans escaping to West Berlin. It was one of the most visible signs of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain. | 34 | |
| 2023941853 | Alliance for Progress | An attempt to provide American aid for democratic reform in Latin America that met with much disappointment and frustration. | 35 | |
| 2023941854 | Cuban Missile Crisis | an incident where Soviet missiles were placed in Cuba as a response for help. The event greatly increased tensions between the Soviets and the Americans. As a result, a hotline was established between the two nations to avoid any accidents. | 36 | |
| 2023941855 | Ho Chi Minh/Ngo Dinh Diem | Ho Chi: leader of the Nationalist group in Vietnam that eventually defeated the French and became the leader of the Republic of Vietnam Ngo Dinh: a conservative anti-communist who overthrew Bao Dai, the emperor of southern Vietnam, when it seemed likely that a communist leader would be elected in the upcoming elections. | 37 | |
| 2023941856 | Freedom Riders | organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort by northern young people to challenge racism proved a political and public relations success for the Civil Rights Movement. | 38 | |
| 2023941857 | MLK, Jr. | a young pastor from Dexter Avenue Baptist Church who was made popular through the Montgomery bus boycott and led the African Americans throughout their struggle towards equality through his eloquent speaking and ardent passion. | 39 | |
| 2023941858 | Malcolm X | The most celebrated of black Muslims. He died in 1965 when black gunmen, presumably under orders from rivals within the Nation of Islam, assassinated him. He was originally for segregation, but after his trip to Mecca he wanted integration and spoke of the brotherhood of mankind. | 40 | |
| 2023941859 | The Black Panthers | Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. They represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964-1965. | 41 | |
| 2023941860 | March on Washington | massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the Civil Rights Movement, it was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech. | 42 | |
| 2023941861 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act prohibited employers from discriminating based on race in their hiring practices, and empowered the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to regulate fair employment. | 43 | |
| 2023941862 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literacy tests and intimidation. It was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racial disenfranchisement explicitly illegal. | 44 | |
| 2023941863 | The Great Society (4 parts) | President Lyndon Johnson's term for his domestic agenda that was billed as a successor to the New Deal, it aimed to extend the postwar prosperity to all people in American society by promoting civil rights and fighting poverty, including programs such as the War on Poverty (expanded the Social Security system by creating Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and poor). Johnson also signed laws protecting consumers and empowering community organizations to combat poverty at grassroots level. | 45 | |
| 2023941864 | Robert C. Weaver | The first black cabinet member, he headed the new Department of Housing and Urban Development formed under the Johnson administration in 1966. | 46 | |
| 2023941865 | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | A joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. | 47 | |
| 2023941866 | The Tet Offensive | The name given to a campaign in January 1968 by the Viet Cong to attack twenty-seven South Vietnamese cities, including Saigon. It ended in a military defeat for the Viet Cong, but at the same time, proved that Johnson's "gradual escalation" strategy was not working, shocking an American public that believed the Vietnam conflict was a sure victory. | 48 | |
| 2023941867 | Viet Cong | Communist guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam (late 1950s-1975) and the United States (early 1960s-1973). | 49 | |
| 2023941868 | Credibility Gap | A lack of popular confidence in the truth of the claims or public statements made by the federal government, large corporations, politicians, etc. | 50 | |
| 2023941869 | RFK | one of two younger brothers of US President John F. Kennedy and served as United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964. | 51 | |
| 2023941870 | G. Wallace | racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot. | 52 | |
| 2023941871 | Vietnamization | President Richard Nixon's strategy for ending U.S involvement in the Vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces. | 53 | |
| 2023941872 | My Lai | Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children. The atrocity produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971. | 54 | |
| 2023941873 | Kent State University | Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence. On May 14 and 15, students at historically black Jackson State College in Mississippi were protesting the war as well as the Kent State shooting when highway patrolmen fired into a student dormitory, killing two students. | 55 | |
| 2023941874 | Pentagon Papers | Secret U.S. government report detailing early planning and policy decisions regarding the Vietnam War under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Leaked to the New York Times in 1971, it revealed instances of governmental secrecy, lies, and incompetence in the prosecution of the war. | 56 | |
| 2023941875 | H.A. Kissinger | National Security Advisory and Secretary of State during the Nixon Administration, he was responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973. | 57 | |
| 2023941876 | Detente | From the French for "reduced tension," the period of Cold War thawing when the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated reduced armament treaties under Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter. As a policy prescription, it marked a departure from the policies of proportional response, mutually assured destruction, and containment that had defined the earlier years of the Cold War. | 58 | |
| 2023941877 | Nixon Doctrine | President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam stating that the United States would honor its existing defense commitments but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars. | 59 | |
| 2023941878 | Stagnation | The Vietnam war drained tax dollars. Oil prices rose. Trying to fund Great Society programs without raising taxes. Outdated American finances couldn't compete with international finances. | 60 | |
| 2023941879 | Watergate | Series of scandals that resulted in President Richard Nixon's resignation amid calls for his impeachment. The episode sprang from a failed burglary attempt at Democratic party headquarters in Washington's Watergate Hotel during the 1972 election. | 61 | |
| 2023941880 | Agnew | Nixon's vice-president resigned and pleaded "no contest" to charges of tax evasion on payments made to him when he was governor of Maryland. He was replaced by Gerald R. Ford. | 62 | |
| 2023941881 | Saturday Night Massacre | dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973. | 63 | |
| 2023941882 | War Powers Act | Act that grants emergency executive powers to president to run war effort. | 64 | |
| 2023941883 | Pop Art | refers to the paintings, sculpture, assemblages, and collages of a small, yet influential, group of artists from the late 1950s to the late 1960s. Unlike abstract expressionism, pop art incorporated a wide range of media, imagery, and subject matter hitherto excluded from the realm of fine art. Pop artists cared little about creating unique art objects; they preferred to borrow their subject matter and techniques from the mass media, often transforming widely familiar photographs, icons, and styles into ironic visual artifacts. Such is the case in two of the most recognizable works of American pop art: Andy Warhol's Campbell Soup Can (1964), a gigantic silkscreen of the iconic red-and-white can, and Roy Lichtenstein's Whaam! (1963), one of his many paintings rendered in the style of a comic book image. | 65 | |
| 2023941884 | Watts Riot | a civil disturbance in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles from August 11 to 17, 1965. The six-day riot resulted in 34 deaths, 1,032 injuries, 3,438 arrests, and over $40 million in property damage. It was the most severe riot in the city's history until the Los Angeles riots of 1992. | 66 | |
| 2023941885 | Kerner Commission | Nickname for the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. They blamed the riots on an "explosive mixture" of poverty, slum housing, poor education, and police brutality caused by "white racism" and advised federal spending to create new jobs for urban blacks, construct additional public housing, and end "de facto" school segregation in the North. | 67 | |
| 2023941886 | Cesar Chavez | Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. He helped to improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them. | 68 | |
| 2023941887 | AIM | American Indian Movement; demanded land to be given back that had been taken illegally from their ancestors, self-determination and an effort to revive tribal cultures. | 69 | |
| 2023941888 | A. Kinsey | wrote the bestselling books Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, in which he discussed sexual orientation and behavior, subjects that were taboo prior to the 60s. Kinsey's research contributed to the sexual revolution at the time. | 70 | |
| 2023941889 | NOW | Organization founded by Betty Friedan and others to promote full participation of women in American society. | 71 | |
| 2023941890 | 22nd-26th Amendment | 22- presidential term limits 24- removes the poll tax 25- Presidential Disability and Succession 26- gives power to 18 yr olds to vote | 72 | |
| 2023941891 | The Feminine Mystique | Classic feminist protest literature, written by Betty Friedan, that helped launch the modern women's movement; an indictment of the "stifling boredom" of suburban housewifery. | 73 | |
| 2023941892 | OPEC and the Energy Crisis | when Carter entered office inflation soared due to the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis. | 74 | |
| 2023941893 | EPA and Silent Spring | A book written to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development. established in 1970 to protect human health and our environment; monitoring and reducing air/water pollution, overseeing hazardous waste disposal and recycling. | 75 | |
| 2023941894 | Carter and "human rights" | Went away from anticommunist policies and helped encourage worldwide support for human rights issues. Sometimes fueled the rise of Anti-American regimes. | 76 | |
| 2023941896 | Camp David Accords | 1979 agreement reached between the leaders of Israel and Egypt after protracted negotiations brokered by President Carter; Israel surrendered land seized in earlier wars and Egypt recognized Israel as a nation. Despite high hoped, it did not lead to a permanent peace in region. | 77 | |
| 2023941897 | Iranian Hostages | The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day Ronald Reagan became president. | 78 | |
| 2023941898 | Equal Rights Amendment | A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures. | 79 | |
| 2023941899 | Roe vs Wade | The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester. | 80 | |
| 2023941900 | Phyllis Shlafly | A conservative female political activist. She stopped the ERA from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them. | 81 | |
| 2023941901 | Moral Majority | political organization of the United States which had an agenda of evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. Organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law. This group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states' acceptance of homosexuality. | 82 | |
| 2023941902 | R. Reagan | First elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns. | 83 | |
| 2023941903 | Neoconservatives | Supported free-market capitalism free from government restraints, a return to traditional values of individualism with the family as the center, and anti-Soviet foreign policies, but not liberal welfare programs and affirmative-action policies. | 84 | |
| 2023941904 | ABC | The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914. | 85 | |
| 2023941905 | Supply-side | An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government. | 86 | |
| 2023941906 | Yuppies | Term for "young urban professionals" of the 1980s who flaunted their wealth through conspicuous consumer spending. | 87 | |
| 2023941907 | SDI | Reagan administration plan announced in 1983 to create a missile-defense system over American territory to block a nuclear attack. Derided as "Star Wars" by critics, the plan typified Reagan's commitment to vigorous defense spending even as he sought to limit the size of government in domestic matters. | 88 | |
| 2023941908 | Teflon President | Reagan was the oldest man to ever serve as president, yet he was often vigorous, resilient, and youthful, even after an assassination attempt in 1981, which he bounced back from quickly. Even when things went wrong, as they often did, the blame seldom seemed to attach to Reagan himself, inspiring some Democrats to begin referring to him as the Teflon president. | 89 | |
| 2023941909 | Sandinistas | The leftist revolutionary rulers of Nicaragua, strongly opposed by the Reagan administration. | 90 | |
| 2023941910 | Contra Rebels | Rebels in Nicaragua backed by Reagan to fight the Sandinistas. Tied to Iran Contra affairs. | 91 | |
| 2023941911 | M. Gorbachev | Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. | 92 | |
| 2023941912 | Glasnost/Perestroika | Gorbechevs two new policies. one means openess, the second is restructuring. | 93 | |
| 2023941913 | Iran-contra Affair | the foreign policy problem in which the Reagan administration was accused of selling arms to terrorists and using the money to illelgally aid a rebel group. | 94 | |
| 2023941914 | S.D. O'Connor | first woman supreme court justice. appointed by Reagan 1981. | 95 | |
| 2023941915 | G. Bush | Born in Massachusetts, but mostly raised in Texas; WWII carrier pilot who was shot down and rescued by submarines; the father of our only father-son Presidents; was president during Dessert Storm; his VP was Dan Quayle. | 96 | |
| 2023941916 | Tiananmen Square | Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. | 97 | |
| 2023941917 | 1989 | Eastern Europe throws off communist regimes, Fall of the Berlin Wall. End of the Cold War, America once again emerges as sole superpower. Solidarity Movement (Poland), Tienanmen Square (China), Persian Gulf War, Bush, Clinton, weakening of Roe v. Wade. | 98 | |
| 2023941918 | B. Yeltsin | Was the first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999. His era was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. By the time he left office, he was a deeply unpopular figure in Russia, with an approval rating as low as two percent by some estimates. | 99 | |
| 2023941919 | Saddam Hussein | As president of Iraq, Saddam maintained power through the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) and the first Persian Gulf War (1991). During these conflicts, Saddam repressed movements he deemed threatening to the stability of Iraq, particularly Shi'a and Kurdish movements seeking to overthrow the government or gain independence, respectively. While he remained a popular hero among many disaffected Arabs everywhere for standing up to the West and for his support for the Palestinians, U.S. leaders continued to view Saddam with deep suspicion following the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Saddam was deposed by the U.S. and its allies during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. | 100 |
