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| 1240423089 | For Which of the following is Wilhelm Wendt primarily known? | The establishment of the first formal laboratory for research in psychology. | 0 | |
| 1240423090 | Which of the following approaches might William James criticize for examining a movie frame by frame instead of seeing the motion in the motion picture? | Structuralism | 1 | |
| 1240423091 | Fred, a tennis coach, insists that he can make any reasonably healthy individual into an internationally competitive tennis player. Fred is echoing the thoughts of: | John B. Watson | 2 | |
| 1240423092 | Which of the following is a statement with which skinners followers would agree? | Freewill is an illusion | 3 | |
| 1240423093 | Which of the following approaches has the most optimistic view of human nature? | Humanism | 4 | |
| 1240423094 | Which of the following historical events created a demand for clinicians that was far greater than the supply? | World war 2 | 5 | |
| 1240423095 | __________ psychology examines behavioral processes in terms of the adaptive value for a species over the course of generations. | Evolutionary psychology | 6 | |
| 1240423096 | The study of the Endocrine System and genetic mechanisms would most likely be undertaken by a _________ | Physiologic psychology | 7 | |
| 1240423097 | A multifactorial causation approach to behavior suggests that... | Most behavior is governed by a complex network of inter related factors. | 8 | |
| 1240423098 | Psychology's answer to the question of whether we are born or made tends to be that... | We are born and made | 9 | |
| 1240423099 | In regards to changing answers on multiple choice tests, research indicates that __________ changes to be more common than other types of changes. | Wrong to right | 10 | |
| 1240423100 | Critical thinking skills; | Need to be deliberately taught because they often do not developed by themselves with standard content instruction. | 11 | |
| 1240423101 | 1871-1939 First to receive Ph.D. Wrote book: the animal mind. Studied under James McKeen Cantrell Columbia University | Margaret Floy Washburn | 12 | |
| 1240423102 | 1886-1939 Worked on adolescent development. Studied about women and menstrual cycles. Debunked skepticism sexist inquiries. | Leta Stetter Hollingsworth | 13 | |
| 1240423103 | 1863-1930 Studied under William James Invented technique to study memory Went to Harvard University but no degree | Mary Whiton Calkins | 14 | |
| 1240423104 | Neurons | Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. | 15 | |
| 1240423105 | Soma | The cell body, contains the cell nucleus and much of the chemical machinery common to most cells. | 16 | |
| 1240423106 | Dendrites | The parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information. | 17 | |
| 1240423107 | Axon | A long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the soma to other neurons or to muscles or glands. | 18 | |
| 1240423108 | Myelin sheath | Insulating material that encases some axons. | 19 | |
| 1240423109 | Terminal buttons | Small knobs that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters. | 20 | |
| 1240423110 | Synapse | A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to another. | 21 | |
| 1240423111 | Resting potential | A neuron's stable, negative charge when the cell is inactive. | 22 | |
| 1240423112 | Action potential | A brief shift in a neuron's electrical charge that travels along an axon. | 23 | |
| 1240423113 | Absolute refractory period | The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin. | 24 | |
| 1240423114 | Synaptic cleft | A microscopic gap between the terminal button of one neuron and the cell membrane of another neuron. | 25 | |
| 1240423115 | Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another. | 26 | |
| 1240423116 | Postsynaptic potential (PSP) | A voltage change at a receptor site on a postsynaptic cell membrane. | 27 | |
| 1240423117 | Excitatory PSP | A positive voltage shift that increases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials. | 28 | |
| 1240423118 | Inhibitory PSP | A negative voltage shift that decreases the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will fire action potentials. | 29 | |
| 1240423119 | Reuptake | A process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from the synaptic cleft by the presynaptic membrane. | 30 | |
| 1240423120 | Agonist | A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter. | 31 | |
| 1240423121 | Antagonist | A chemical that opposes the action of a neurotransmitter. | 32 | |
| 1240423122 | Endorphins | Internally produced chemicals that resemble opiates in structure and effects. | 33 | |
| 1240423123 | Peripheral nervous system | All the nerves that lie outside the brain and the spinal cord. | 34 | |
| 1240423124 | Nerves | Bundles of neuron fibers (axons) that are routed together in the peripheral nervous system. | 35 | |
| 1240423125 | Somatic nervous system | Nerves that connect to voluntary skeletal muscles and to sensory receptors. | 36 | |
| 1240423126 | Afferent nerve fibers | Axons that carry information inward to the central nervous system from the periphery of the body. | 37 | |
| 1240423127 | Efferent nerve fibers | Axons that carry information outward from the central nervous system to the periphery of the body. | 38 | |
| 1240423128 | Autonomic nervous system (ANS) | Nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands. | 39 | |
| 1240423129 | Sympathetic division | The branch of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies. | 40 | |
| 1240423130 | Parasympathetic division | The branch of the autonomic nervous system that generally conserves bodily resources. | 41 | |
| 1240423131 | Central nervous system (CNS) | The brain and the spinal cord. | 42 | |
| 1240423132 | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Nourishes the brain and provides a protective cushion for it. | 43 | |
| 1240423133 | Electroencephalograph (EEG) | A device that monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp. | 44 | |
| 1240423134 | Lesioning | Destroying a part of the brain. | 45 | |
| 1240423135 | Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) | Sending a weak electrical current into a brain structure to stimulate (activate) it. | 46 | |
| 1240423136 | Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) | A new technique that permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain. | 47 | |
| 1240423137 | Hindbrain | The cerebellum and two structures found in the lower part of the brainstem: the medulla and the pons. | 48 | |
| 1240423138 | Midbrain | The segment of the brainstem that lies between the hindbrain and the forebrain. | 49 | |
| 1240423139 | Forebrain | The largest and most complex region of the brain, encompassing a variety of structures, including the thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebrum. | 50 | |
| 1240423140 | Thalamus | A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex. | 51 | |
| 1240423141 | Hypothalamus | A structure found near the base of the forebrain that is involved in the regulation of basic biological needs. | 52 | |
| 1240423142 | Limbic system | A loosely connected network of structures located roughly along the border between the cerebral cortex and deeper subcortical areas. | 53 | |
| 1240423143 | Cerebral cortex | The convoluted outer layer of the cerebrum. | 54 | |
| 1240423144 | Cerebral hemispheres | The right and left halves of the cerebrum. | 55 | |
| 1240423145 | Corpus callosum | The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. | 56 | |
| 1240423146 | Split-brain surgery | The bundle of fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres (the corpus callosum) is cut to reduce the severity of epileptic seizures. | 57 | |
| 1240423147 | Perceptual asymmetries | left-right imbalances between the cerebral hemispheres in the speed of visual or auditory processing. | 58 | |
| 1240423148 | Endocrine system | Glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning. | 59 | |
| 1240423149 | Hormones | The chemical substances released by the endocrine glands. | 60 | |
| 1240423150 | Pituitary gland | A gland that releases a great variety of hormones that fan out around the body, stimulating actions in the other endocrine glands. | 61 | |
| 1240423151 | Behavioral genetics | An interdisciplinary field that studies the influence of genetic factors on behavioral traits. | 62 | |
| 1240423152 | Chromosones | Strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules that carry genetic information. | 63 | |
| 1240423153 | Zygote | A single cell formed by the union of a sperm and an egg. | 64 | |
| 1240423154 | Genes | DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission. | 65 | |
| 1240423155 | Homozygous condition | The two genes in a specific pair are the same. | 66 | |
| 1240423156 | Heterozygous condition | The two genes in a specific pair are different. | 67 | |
| 1240423157 | Dominant gene | The gene that is expressed when paired genes are different. | 68 | |
| 1240423158 | Recessive gene | The gene that is masked when paired genes are different. | 69 | |
| 1240423159 | Genotype | A person's genetic makeup. | 70 | |
| 1240423160 | Phenotype | The ways in which a person's genotype is manifested in observable characteristics. | 71 | |
| 1240423161 | Polygenic traits | Characteristics that are influenced by more than one pair of genes. | 72 | |
| 1240423162 | Family studies | Studies in which researchers assess hereditary influence by examining blood relatives to see how much they resemble one another on a specific trait. | 73 | |
| 1240423163 | Twin studies | Studies in which researchers assess hereditary influence by comparing the resemblance of identical twins and fraternal twins with respect to a trait. | 74 | |
| 1240423164 | Identical (monozygotic) twins | Twins that emerge from one zygote that splits for unknown reasons. | 75 | |
| 1240423165 | Fraternal (dizygotic) twins | Twins that result when two eggs are fertilized simultaneously by different sperm cells, forming two separate zygotes. | 76 | |
| 1240423166 | Adoption studies | Studies that assess hereditary influence by examining the resemblance between adopted children and both their biological parents and their adoptive parents. | 77 | |
| 1240423167 | Genetic mapping | The process of determining the location and chemical sequence of specific genes on specific chromosomes. | 78 | |
| 1240423168 | Fitness | The reproductive success (number of descendants) of an individual organism relative to the average reproductive success in the population. | 79 | |
| 1240423169 | Natural selection | Heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time. | 80 | |
| 1240423170 | Adaption | An inherited characteristic that increased in a population (through natural selection) because it helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction during the time it emerged. | 81 | |
| 1240423171 | Inclusive fitness | The sum of an individual's own reproductive success plus the effects the organism has on the reproductive success of related others. | 82 | |
| 1240423172 | Critical period | A limited time span in the development of an organism when it is optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the organism is especially responsive to certain experiences. | 83 | |
| 1240423173 | Structuralism | A school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related. | 84 | |
| 1240423174 | Introspection | Careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience. | 85 | |
| 1240423175 | Functionalism | A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure. | 86 | |
| 1240423176 | Natural selection | Principle stating that heritable characteristics that provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternate characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be "selected" over time. | 87 | |
| 1240423177 | Unconscious | According to Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of unconscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior. | 88 | |
| 1240423178 | Psychoanalytic theory | A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior. | 89 | |
| 1240423179 | Behaviorism | A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. | 90 | |
| 1240423181 | Behavior | Any overt (observable) response or activity by an organism. | 91 | |
| 1240423183 | Humanism | A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth. | 92 | |
| 1240423184 | Applied Psychology | The Branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems. | 93 | |
| 1240423186 | Clinical psychology | The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders. | 94 | |
| 1240423188 | Cognition | The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. | 95 | |
| 1240423191 | Ethnocentrism | The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways. | 96 | |
| 1240423192 | Evolutionary psychology | Theoretical perspective that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations. | 97 | |
| 1240423194 | Positive psychology | Approach to psychology that uses theory and research to better understand the positive, adaptive, creative, and fulfilling aspects of human existence. | 98 | |
| 1240423196 | Psychology | The science that studies behavior and the psychological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems. | 99 | |
| 1240423198 | Psychiatry | A branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders. | 100 | |
| 1240423201 | Empiricism | The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation. | 101 | |
| 1240423203 | Theory | A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations. | 102 | |
| 1240423205 | Culture | The widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and any other products of a community that are transmitted socially across generations. | 103 | |
| 1240423207 | SQ3R | A study system designed to promote effective reading by means of five steps: survey, question, read, recite, review. | 104 | |
| 1240423209 | Critical thinking | The use of cognitive skills and strategies that increase the probability of a desired outcome. | 105 | |
| 1240423211 | Hypothesis | A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. | 106 | |
| 1240423213 | Variables | Any measurable conditions, events, characters, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study. | 107 | |
| 1240423215 | Theory | A system of interrelated ideas that is used to explain a set of observations. | 108 | |
| 1240423217 | Operational definition | A definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable. | 109 | |
| 1240423218 | Participants | The persons or animals whose behavior is being systematically observed in a study. | 110 | |
| 1240423220 | Subjects | The persons or animals whose behavior is being systematically observed in a study. | 111 | |
| 1240423222 | Data collection techniques | Procedures for making empirical observations and measurements. | 112 | |
| 1240423224 | Journal | A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry. | 113 | |
| 1240423226 | Research methods | Differing approaches to the manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies. | 114 | |
| 1240423228 | Experiment | A research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result. | 115 | |
| 1240423230 | Independent variable | In an experiment, a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable. | 116 | |
| 1240423232 | Dependent variable | In an experiment, the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. | 117 | |
| 1240423234 | Experimental group | The subjects in a study who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable. | 118 | |
| 1240423236 | Control group | Subjects in a study who do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group. | 119 | |
| 1240423237 | Extraneous variables | Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study. | 120 | |
| 1240423238 | Confounding of variables | A condition that exists whenever two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their independent effects. | 121 | |
| 1240423240 | Random assignment | The constitution of groups in a study such that all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition. | 122 | |
| 1240423242 | Case study | An in-depth investigation of an individual subject. | 123 | |
| 1240423243 | Survey | A descriptive research method in which researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of subjects' behavior. | 124 | |
| 1240423244 | Statistics | The use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data. | 125 | |
| 1240423245 | Descriptive statistics | Statistics that are used to organize and summarize data. | 126 | |
| 1240423246 | Median | The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores. | 127 | |
| 1240423247 | Mean | The arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution. | 128 | |
| 1240423248 | Mode | The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution. | 129 | |
| 1240423249 | Variability | The extent to which the scores in a data set tend to vary from each other and from the mean. | 130 | |
| 1240423250 | Standard deviation | An index in the amount of variability in a set of data. | 131 | |
| 1240423251 | Correlation | The extent to which two variables are related to each other. | 132 | |
| 1240423252 | Correlation coefficient | A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables. | 133 | |
| 1240423253 | Inferential statistics. | Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions. | 134 | |
| 1240423254 | Statistical significance | The condition that exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low. | 135 | |
| 1240423255 | Replication | The repetition of a study to see if the earlier results were duplicated. | 136 | |
| 1240423256 | Sample | The collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study. | 137 | |
| 1240423257 | Population | The larger collection of animals or people from which a sample is drawn and that researchers want to generalize about. | 138 | |
| 1240423258 | Sampling bias | A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn. | 139 | |
| 1240423259 | Placebo effects | The fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience changes even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment. | 140 | |
| 1240423260 | Social desirability bias | A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself. | 141 | |
| 1240423261 | Response set | A tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions. | 142 | |
| 1240423262 | Experimenter bias | A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained. | 143 | |
| 1240423263 | Double-blind procedure | A research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups. | 144 | |
| 1240423264 | Anecdotal evidence | Personal stories about specific incidents and experiences. | 145 |
