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| 3007910808 | Cells | Makes up all organisms. |  | 0 |
| 3007921913 | Neuron Structures | Allows transmissions, longest nerves in the body; controls sensory aspects. |  | 1 |
| 3007928018 | Basic Structure and Functional Unit | Basic unit of every organism is one of the two types of cells: Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic. |  | 2 |
| 3007939702 | Basic Features of All Cells | All cells will include: cytosol, plasma membrane, chromosomes (genes), ribosomes (proteins), and phospholipids. | 3 | |
| 3007946765 | Prokaryotic (Features / Characterization) | A prokaryotic cell has: no nucleus, DNA is in a unbound region:nucleoid, no membrane-bound organelle, and has cytoplasm. |  | 4 |
| 3007956400 | Eukaryotic (Features / Characterization) | Characterized by having: DNA in the nucleus bound by membraneous nucleus envelope, and membrane bound organelles. Typically larger cell. |  | 5 |
| 3007972117 | Plasma Membrane | Selective barrier allowing passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste. All in an effort to service the cell. The general layer of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids. |  | 6 |
| 3007989327 | Surface Area | The Surface area to Volume ratio is critical, Surface area increases by n^2 and Volume increases by n^3. |  | 7 |
| 3007993503 | Nucleus | Contains most of the cell's genes. Nuclear envelope is such that encloses nucleus from cytoplasm. -Nucleolus is located within the nucleus; site of RNA synthesis. |  | 8 |
| 3008003496 | Nuclear Envelope | Encloses nucleus, is also a double membrane consisting of many lipid bilayers allowing pores to secrete molecules in and out from the nucleus. |  | 9 |
| 3008008048 | Chromatin | Formed through combining of Gene's and Proteins. Condenses to form "discrete" chromosomes. |  | 10 |
| 3008019174 | Ribosomes | Particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein. Carries out protein synthesis in: Cytosol (free) or outside of the ER or nuclear envelope (bound). |  | 11 |
| 3008025719 | Endomembrane System | All components are either continuous of connected thru vesicles. Components: -Nucleus Envelope -ER (Endoplasmic reticulum) -Golgi apparatus -Lysosomes -Vacuoles -Plasma Membrane |  | 12 |
| 3008058476 | Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth / Rough ER) | Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotic cells. Two regions of the ER: -Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes -Rough ER: Ribosomes studing the surface |  | 13 |
| 3008066950 | Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER) | Function: -Synthesizes lipids -Metabolizes carbohydrates -Detoxification of poison -Stores calcium |  | 14 |
| 3008087792 | Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER) | -Has bound ribosomes which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to a carb) -Distributes vesicles -Membrane factory for the cell |  | 15 |
| 3008107314 | Transport Vesicle | Transportation cell, proteins surrounded by membranes. A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell. |  | 16 |
| 3008313974 | Vesicle | A sac made of membrane in the cytoplasm. |  | 17 |
| 3008113397 | Golgi Apparatus | Functions: -Modifies products of the ER -Manafactures certain macromolecules -Sorts + Packages materials into vesicles. |  | 18 |
| 3008119063 | Lysosome | Membraneous sac of hydrolytic enzymes which allows digestability of macromolecules. Created by the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomal enzymes can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. |  | 19 |
| 3008124497 | Phagocytosis | Formation of a food vacuole through a cell engulfing another. Then a Lysosome fuses with the food vacuole digesting the molecules. Lysosomes also use enzymes to recycle a cell's own organelles and macromolecules thru a process called autophagy. |  | 20 |
| 3008138782 | Vacuoles (Food, Contractile, Central) | Plants and Fungal Cells contain several (or one) vacuoles. Contractile: Found in freshwater protists; pumps excess water out of cells Central: Found in mature plant cells, holds organic compounds and water. |  | 21 |
| 3008153871 | Mitochondria | Site of cellular respiration (metabolic process forming ATP), known as the power house of the cell) |  | 22 |
| 3008158009 | Chloroplasts | Found in plants and algae; site(s) of photosynthesis. -Member of plastids. |  | 23 |
| 3008162952 | Mitochondria & Chloroplasts | -Not part of the endomembrane system -double membrane -have proteins made by free ribosomes -have own DNA | 24 | |
| 3008165929 | Peroxisomes | Oxidative organelles specialized in metabolic compartments. Produces hydrogen peroxide and converts it to water, uses Oxygen to break molecules. |  | 25 |
| 3008176392 | Cytoskeleton | Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, organizes the cell's structure and activities. Has interactions with motor proteins to produce motility. "Cell Anchor" 3 Molecular structures: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments. |  | 26 |
| 3008189998 | Microtubules | Thickest of the three, helps with the transportation of cells and controls the beating of flagella and cilia. Helps with maintenance of cell shape and chromosome movements as well as organelle movement. |  | 27 |
| 3008192627 | Microfilaments (actin filaments) | The thinnest component containing myosin and actin. Helps changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, motility, and cell division. Solid rods about 7nm built as a twisted double chain of actin. |  | 28 |
| 3008197161 | Intermediate Filaments | Fibers with diameters in the "middle range". Helps maintain shape, anchorage of nucleus, formation of nuclear lamina. Ranges in diameter from 8-12 nanometers |  | 29 |
| 3008207780 | Centrosomes | Microtubules grow out of centrosomes near the nucleus; "the microtubule-organizing center." Has 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a range for animal cells with pairs of centrioles. |  | 30 |
| 3008216861 | Cilia | Helps move things along a surface, kinda like capillary actions, such as the fallopian tubes and mucus elevator. |  | 31 |
| 3008224979 | Flagella | Propells cell forward completely, such as the trachia and sperm. |  | 32 |
| 3008234096 | Actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments (actin filaments) in muscle and other kinds of cells. |  | 33 |
| 3008244814 | Cytoplasmic Streaming | Circular flow of cytoplasm within cells, speeds distribution of materials within cells. In plants cells: Actin-myosin interactions and sol-gel drive cytoplasmic streaming. |  | 34 |
| 3008270020 | Pseudopodia (Cellular extensions) | Extends and contracts through reversibly assembly and contraction of actin subunits into microfilaments. |  | 35 |
| 3008250852 | Cell Wall of Plants | Extracellular structure distinguishing plant cells from animal cells. Protects the cell, maintains shape, and prevents excessive uptade of water. Typically 3 multiple layers. | | 36 |
| 3008258557 | Primary Cell Wall | Relatively thin and flexible. |  | 37 |
| 3008259999 | Middle Lamella | Thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells. |  | 38 |
| 3008261295 | Secondary Cell Wall (In some cells) | Added between the plasma membrane and primary cell wall. | | 39 |
| 3008263587 | Plasmodesmata | Channels perforating cell walls, so water can travel from cell to cell; Channels between adjacent cells. Water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell thru Plasmodesmata. |  | 40 |
| 3008274213 | Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | Made up of glycoproteins such as: Collagen, Proteoglycans, and Fibronectin. ECM proteins bind to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins. Function: -Support -Adhesion -Movement -Regulation |  | 41 |
| 3008280120 | Intercellular Junctions | Facilitates contact between neighboring cells (communication); several types of intercellular junctions. Ex. -Plasmodesmata -Tight junctions -Desmosomes -Gap junctions |  | 42 |
| 3008288835 | Tight Junctions | Membranes of neighboring cells press together to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid. |  | 43 |
| 3008291348 | Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) | Fasten cells into strong sheets |  | 44 |
| 3008292975 | Gap Junctions (Communicating junctions) | Provides cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells. |  | 45 |
